Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization

✍ Scribed by Reuben H. Karol

• Publisher: M. Dekker
• Year: 2003
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 536
• Series: Civil and environmental engineering 12
• Edition: 3rd ed., rev. and expanded
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Following shifting trends from remedial to preventive uses of grouting practices, the Third Edition covers all aspects of chemical grouting methods and applications—highlighting new ground improvement techniques as well as recent innovation in soil modification and stabilization procedures.

✦ Table of Contents

CHEMICAL GROUTING AND SOIL STABILIZATION......Page 1
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION......Page 5
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION......Page 7
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION......Page 9
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 13
CONTENTS......Page 0
1.1 GENERAL......Page 20
1.2 MODIFICATION AND STABILIZATION......Page 21
1.3 SOIL AND ROCK SAMPLING......Page 22
1.4 DEGREE OF REPRESENTATION......Page 26
1.5 SAFETY FACTORS......Page 28
1.6 PERMANENCE......Page 30
1.7 FAILURE CRITERIA......Page 31
1.10 PROBLEMS......Page 32
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 33
2.2 VOID RATIO AND POROSITY......Page 34
2.3 DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY......Page 35
WATER CONTENT......Page 36
2.4 PERMEABILITY......Page 39
2.5 SHEAR STRENGTH......Page 42
2.6 CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS......Page 47
2.7 STRESS TRANSMISSION......Page 50
2.8 SOIL AND ROCK CLASSIFICATION......Page 52
2.9 ROCK PROPERTIES......Page 54
2.10 SUMMARY......Page 57
2.12 PROBLEMS......Page 59
3.1 DENSITY MEASUREMENTS......Page 60
3.2 SHALLOW COMPACTION......Page 62
3.3 DEEP COMPACTION......Page 65
3.4 DEEP DYNAMIC COMPACTION......Page 70
3.5 PRELOADING......Page 78
3.7 SUMMARY......Page 83
3.9 PROBLEMS......Page 84
4.2 DRAINAGE DITCHES......Page 86
4.3 WELLPOINTS......Page 89
4.4 DEEP WELLS......Page 91
4.5 ELECTRO-OSMOSIS......Page 94
4.7 REFERENCES......Page 96
4.8 PROBLEMS......Page 97
5.2 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS......Page 98
5.3 SHALLOW APPLICATIONS......Page 100
5.4 DEEP APPLICATIONS......Page 103
5.6 SUMMARY......Page 104
5.8 PROBLEMS......Page 105
6.1 PILING......Page 106
6.2 SOIL NAILING......Page 107
6.4 SHALLOW SOIL MIXING......Page 108
6.5 DEEP SOIL MIXING......Page 110
6.6 SUMMARY......Page 113
6.7 REFERENCES......Page 114
6.8 PROBLEMS......Page 115
7.2 PRINCIPLES......Page 116
7.3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION......Page 117
7.4 SUMMARY......Page 120
7.6 PROBLEMS......Page 122
8.1 PLANTINGS......Page 123
8.2 MICROBIAL STABILIZATION......Page 124
8.3 SUMMARY......Page 126
8.5 PROBLEMS......Page 128
9.1 GROUT MATERIALS......Page 129
9.2 PORTLAND CEMENT......Page 130
9.3 MICROFINE CEMENTS......Page 134
9.4 JET GROUTING......Page 136
9.5 COMPACTION GROUTING......Page 139
9.6 GROUTING FOR DAMS......Page 141
9.7 SUMMARY......Page 145
9.8 REFERENCES......Page 147
9.9 PROBLEMS......Page 148
10.1 GENERAL......Page 150
10.2 HISTORY......Page 151
10.3 FIELD PROBLEMS AMENABLE TO GROUTING......Page 155
10.4 GROUT PROPERTIES......Page 159
PERMANENCE......Page 160
PENETRABILITY......Page 162
STRENGTH......Page 165
GEL TIME CONTROL......Page 174
SENSITIVITY......Page 175
ECONOMIC FACTORS......Page 176
10.5 THE IDEAL CHEMICAL GROUT......Page 177
10.8 PROBLEMS......Page 178
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 180
SODIUM SILICATE FORMULATIONS......Page 181
ACRYLAMIDE GROUTS......Page 197
ACRYLATE GROUTS......Page 217
LIGNOSULFONATE GROUTS......Page 223
PHENOPLAST GROUTS......Page 233
AMINOPLAST GROUTS......Page 237
WATER-REACTIVE MATERIALS......Page 242
OTHER CHEMICAL GROUTS......Page 245
SOLID ADDITIVES TO CHEMICAL GROUTS......Page 250
11.3 NEW PRODUCTS......Page 251
11.4 COMMENTS AND SUMMARY......Page 252
11.5 REFERENCES......Page 255
11.6 PROBLEMS......Page 257
12.2 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 258
12.3 STABILITY OF INTERFACE......Page 259
12.4 FLOW THROUGH SOIL VOIDS......Page 260
12.5 EFFECT OF PUMPING RATE ON GROUT FLOW......Page 261
12.6 EFFECT OF PUMPING PRESSURE ON GROUT FLOW......Page 262
12.7 FRACTURING......Page 264
12.10 PROBLEMS......Page 265
13.2 POINT INJECTIONS......Page 266
13.3 INJECTIONS ALONG A GROUT HOLE......Page 273
13.4 SHORT GEL TIMES......Page 276
13.5 THEORY OF SHORT GEL TIMES......Page 278
13.6 FACTORS RELATED TO THE USE OF SHORT GEL TIMES......Page 284
13.7 UNIFORM PENETRATION IN STRATIFIED DEPOSITS......Page 288
13.8 GROUT CURTAINS......Page 297
13.9 SUMMARY......Page 303
13.11 PROBLEMS......Page 304
15.2 DETERMINATION OF GROUTABILITY......Page 305
15.3 FIELD PUMPING TESTS......Page 306
15.4 FIELD PERMEABILITY TESTS......Page 307
15.5 USE OF TRACERS......Page 312
15.6 ADDITIVES......Page 314
15.7 PUMPING RATE......Page 315
15.8 PUMPING PRESSURE......Page 316
15.9 GROUTING IN PIPES AND HOLES—MANIFOLDING......Page 318
15.10 USE OF SHORT GEL TIMES......Page 319
15.11 SUMMARY......Page 320
15.12 REFERENCES......Page 321
15.13 PROBLEMS......Page 322
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 323
16.2 TYPES OF SEEPAGE PROBLEMS......Page 324
16.3 LABORATORY STUDIES......Page 327
16.4 FIELD WORK......Page 334
16.5 SUMMARY......Page 346
16.7 PROBLEMS......Page 347
17.2 SELECTION OF GROUT......Page 348
17.3 GROUT CURTAIN PATTERNS......Page 351
17.4 DESIGN OF A GROUT CURTAIN......Page 352
EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF A GROUTING OPERATION......Page 356
17.5 CONSTRUCTION OF A GROUT CURTAIN......Page 357
17.6 ROCKY REACH DAM......Page 364
17.7 SMALL GROUT CURTAINS......Page 366
17.9 REFERENCES......Page 376
17.10 PROBLEMS......Page 377
18.2 STRENGTH OF GROUTED SOILS......Page 378
18.3 GROUTING FOR STABILITY......Page 381
18.6 PROBLEMS......Page 402
19.2 SHALLOW TUNNELS......Page 404
19.3 EUROPEAN PRACTICE......Page 407
19.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TUNNEL GROUTING PRACTICE......Page 413
19.5 GROUT PATTERNS......Page 420
19.6 SEIKAN TUNNEL......Page 421
19.7 SHAFT GROUTING......Page 425
19.8 SUMMARY......Page 430
19.10 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 432
19.11 PROBLEMS......Page 433
20.2 SEWER LINE REHABILITATION......Page 434
20.3 SAMPLING OF SANDS, IN SITU DENSITY......Page 439
20.5 CONTROLLING CEMENT......Page 443
20.6 SEALING SHEET–PILE INTERLOCKS......Page 445
20.7 SUMMARY......Page 446
20.8 REFERENCES......Page 447
21.2 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL GROUTING......Page 448
21.3 SUPERVISION OF GROUTING......Page 463
WHAT TO LOOK FOR ON THE JOB......Page 464
21.5 REASONS FOR UNSUCCESSFUL JOBS......Page 466
21.6 SUMMARY......Page 468
21.7 REFERENCES......Page 470
22.1 GENERAL......Page 471
22.2 EARLY DISPOSAL METHODS......Page 472
22.3 DETECTING POLLUTION......Page 473
22.4 RADIOACTIVE WASTES......Page 474
22.5 OIL SPILLS......Page 477
22.7 DEEP WELL INJECTION......Page 478
22.8 BARRIER WALLS......Page 479
22.9 TREATMENT METHODS......Page 483
22.10 SUMMARY......Page 484
22.11 REFERENCES......Page 485
22.12 PROBLEMS......Page 486
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS......Page 487
APPENDIX B COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OPTIMAL GROUT HOLE SPACING FOR A CHEMICAL GROUT CURTAIN......Page 496
APPENDIX C SUGGESTED TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING STRENGTH OF GROUTED SOILS FOR DESIGN PURPOSES......Page 499
DESIGN PROCEDURE—7-M DIAMETER TUNNELS ABOVE WATER TABLE......Page 502
CHOICE OF UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH......Page 504
TUNNEL DIAMETER......Page 506
EXAMPLE......Page 508
APPENDIX E FIELD RESEARCH WITH SODIUM SILICATE......Page 509
REFERENCES......Page 528
APPENDIX F GROUND IMPROVEMENT......Page 529
APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS GROUND IMPROVEMENT METHODS......Page 530