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πŸ“

Characterization of Silicon Processing (Materials Characterization)

✍ Scribed by Yale Strausser


Publisher
Newnes
Year
1993
Tongue
English
Leaves
269
Category
Library

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✦ Synopsis


This volume is devoted to the consideration of the use use of surface, thin film and interface characterization tools in support of silicon-based semiconductor processing. The approach taken is to consider each of the types of films used in silicon devices individually in its own chapter and to discuss typical problems seen throughout that films' history, including characterization tools which are most effectively used to clarifying and solving those problems.

✦ Table of Contents


Characterization in Silicon Processing
......Page 1
Preface to Series......Page 3
Contributors......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
1.1 Introduction......Page 14
Basic Chemical Reactions
......Page 15
Reactor Types
......Page 16
Crystal Quality
......Page 17
High-Temperature Prebake
......Page 19
Ex situ Cleaning
......Page 21
Thickness
......Page 22
Spreading Resistance Profiling
......Page 23
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
......Page 24
SRP
......Page 25
SIMS ......Page 26
Basic Process Considerations
......Page 27
SEM
......Page 28
TEM
......Page 29
Electrical Techniques
......Page 30
Material Considerations......Page 31
Reactor Types......Page 32
Composition and Thickness......Page 33
Growth Morphology......Page 35
Lattice Strain and Critical Thickness......Page 36
Bandgap Measurements......Page 37
Impurity Profiles......Page 38
References
......Page 39
2.1 Introduction......Page 45
2.2 Deposition......Page 46
Surface Preparation......Page 47
Nucleation and Growth......Page 48
Grain Size Analysis
......Page 51
Texture Analysis
......Page 53
High-Quality Polysilicon......Page 55
Integrated Circuit Fabrication Issues......Page 56
Dopant Distribution......Page 58
Ion Implantation Doping......Page 59
Etching......Page 60
Polycides......Page 61
Dielectric Encapsulation......Page 62
References
......Page 65
3.1 Introduction......Page 66
Sheet Resistance Measurements......Page 70
Rutherford Backscattering Measurements......Page 73
X-Ray Diffraction Measurements......Page 85
Ellipsometric Measurements......Page 87
3.3 The Silicide-Silicon Interface......Page 89
3.4 Oxidation of Silicides......Page 95
3.5 Dopant Redistribution During Silicide Formation......Page 97
3.6 Stress in Silicides......Page 100
3.7 Stability of Silicides......Page 103
References
......Page 105
History......Page 109
Techniques......Page 111
Problems with Deposition......Page 114
Substrate Surface Properties......Page 117
Surface Preparation......Page 120
Film Formation......Page 121
Patterning and Etching......Page 123
4.4 Encapsulation......Page 126
4.5 Reliability Concerns......Page 127
5.1 Applications for ULSI Processing......Page 134
5.2 Deposition Principles......Page 135
Film Thickness......Page 136
Film Resistivity......Page 137
Film Stress......Page 138
Surface Roughness......Page 139
5.4 Selective Tungsten Deposition......Page 140
Selectivity Breakdown......Page 142
Substrate Interaction......Page 144
6.1 Introduction......Page 151
6.2 Characteristics of Barrier Films......Page 152
6.4 Processing Barrier Films......Page 153
Reactive Sputtering......Page 154
Chemical Vapor Deposition......Page 155
6.5 Examples of Barrier Films......Page 156
Physical Properties
......Page 157
Microstructure
......Page 158
Barrier Properties
......Page 159
Microstructure
......Page 162
Barrier Properties
......Page 163
Physical Properties

......Page 164
Microstructure
......Page 167
Barrier Properties
......Page 172
6.6 Summary......Page 176
References
......Page 177
Appendix: Technique Summaries......Page 180
1. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)......Page 181
2. Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy (BEEM)......Page 182
Experimental Setup
......Page 183
Spatial Resolution
......Page 184
Applications
......Page 185
Acknowledgments
......Page 187
References
......Page 188
3. Capacitance-Voltage (C-V) Measurements......Page 189
4. Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS)......Page 191
5. Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Dynamic SIMS)......Page 193
Physical Principles
......Page 194
Practical Details
......Page 196
Applications
......Page 197
References
......Page 199
7. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)......Page 200
Principles and Instrumentation
......Page 201
Applications of FIBs
......Page 202
References
......Page 204
9. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)......Page 205
10. Hall Effect Resistivity Measurements......Page 206
11. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)......Page 208
12. Light Microscopy......Page 209
13. Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)......Page 210
14. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)......Page 211
15. Optical Scatterometry......Page 212
16. Photoluminescence (PL)......Page 213
17. Raman Spectroscopy......Page 214
18. Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED)......Page 215
19. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)......Page 216
20. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)......Page 217
21. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)......Page 218
22. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy (STM and SFM)......Page 219
Introduction
......Page 220
Mobility
......Page 221
Resistivity
......Page 222
The Four Point Probe Method of Measuring SHeet Resistance
......Page 223
Measurement Considerations
......Page 224
Probe Qualification
......Page 226
Conclusion
......Page 227
References
......Page 228
Basic Principles
......Page 229
Methodology
......Page 230
Data Reduction
......Page 232
SRA Versus MOS C-V and SIMS
......Page 233
Limitations
......Page 234
Conclusions
......Page 235
References
......Page 236
25. Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Static SIMS)......Page 237
Optical Scatterometer
......Page 238
27. Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF)......Page 239
28. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)......Page 240
29. Variable-Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE)......Page 241
30. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)......Page 242
31. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)......Page 243
32. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)......Page 244
A......Page 245
B......Page 246
C......Page 247
D......Page 248
E......Page 250
F......Page 252
G......Page 253
I......Page 254
L......Page 255
N......Page 256
P......Page 257
R......Page 259
S......Page 260
T......Page 266
X......Page 268
Z......Page 269


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