Carbon Dioxide Utilization. Volume 1: Fundamentals

✍ Scribed by North M., Styring P. (ed.)

• Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 297
• Series: De Gruyter STEM
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The conversion of CO2 to chemicals and consumables is a pioneering approach to utilize undesired CO2 emissions and simultaneously create new products out of sustainable feedstock. Volume 1 gives an introduction to CO2 chemistry, utilisation and sustainability and further discusses its capture and separation. Both volumes are also included in a set ISBN 978-3-11-066549-9.
CO2 utilization and sustainability
Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Analysis for CO2 utilization
Capture and separation of CO2

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Carbon Dioxide Utilization: Fundamentals
Copyright
About the editors
Contents
List of contributing authors
Part I: Introductory concepts
1. Introduction
References
2. CO2 utilisation and sustainability
2.1 Summary
2.2 What is the meaning of sustainability?
2.3 CCU and sustainability
2.4 CCU and Greenhous Gas emissions (GHG emissions)
2.5 CO2 utilisation and the circular economy
References
3. Communication regarding CO2 utilisation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Key stakeholders
3.3 Awareness of CO2 utilisation
3.4 Key issues
Key issue 1: Lack of public knowledge on how CO2 could be used
Key issue 2: Comparing CCS and CO2 utilisation
Key issue 3: Issues with presenting CO2 utilisation as “the solution” for climate change
Key issue 4: Danger of “green washing” – over-estimating the benefits of a product
Key issue 5: Confusion between CO2 avoided, CO2 used and re-release of CO2
Key issue 6: Perception of using CO2 utilisation as an excuse not to discontinue fossil fuels use
Key issue 7: Risk of underestimating the cost and thus speed of commercial uptake
Key issue 8: Lack of understanding regarding how the CO2 product properties compare with normal product
Key issue 9: Awareness regarding the integration with low-carbon, renewable energy
3.5 Simple guidance for communication of CO2 utilisation
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Promising CO2 point sources for utilisation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 CO2 emissions
4.3 Identifying optimal sources of CO2 for utilisation
4.4 Description of the most promising CO2 sources
4.4.1 Steam Methane Reforming to produce Hydrogen
4.4.2 Natural gas processing
4.4.3 Ethylene oxide production
4.4.4 Ammonia production
4.4.5 Paper pulp industry
4.4.6 Integrated gasification combined cycle
4.4.7 Iron and steel production
4.4.8 Cement industry
4.5 Identifying promising CO2 sources in Europe
4.6 Which sources will be available in the long term
4.7 Key challenges for CO2 utilisation
4.8 How green is my carbon?
4.9 Conclusions: Future outlook and potential impact
References
5. Techno-economic assessment and life cycle assessment for CO2 utilisation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Techno-economic Assessment
5.3 Life cycle assessment
5.4 A common approach to TEA and LCA
5.5 Key aspects in defining goals and scopes for CCU
5.5.1 Identifying system boundaries
5.5.2 Identifying technology readiness
5.5.3 Defining a reference case
5.5.4 Choosing functional units for CCU
5.6 Pitfalls common to both TEA and LCA
5.6.1 Energy sources and scenarios
5.6.2 Data transparency
5.6.3 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
5.7 TEA specific pitfalls
5.7.1 Selecting CO2 prices
5.7.2 Incentive mechanisms
5.8 LCA specific pitfalls
5.8.1 Dealing with multi-functionality
5.8.2 Reporting only CO2 impacts
5.8.3 Carbon avoided and negative CO2 emissions
5.9 Conclusions
References
6. CO2 as a solvent
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Existing industrial processes
6.2.1 Extraction
6.2.2 Dyeing with CO2
6.2.3 Tissue cleaning
6.2.4. Cork closure
6.2.5 Methanol synthesis
6.2.6 Particle formation
6.3 Most promising and ongoing processes
6.3.1 Chemical synthesis
6.3.2 Material processing
6.4 Conclusions and prospects
Bibliography
Part II: CO2 capture and separation
7. Current status of the CO2 capture technology by absorption
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principle of operation
7.2.1 Degradation – impact on costs and process
7.3 Applications
7.3.1 Power
7.3.2 Industry
7.4 Flexibility of capture plants
7.5 Recent developments
7.5.1 Process optimisation
7.5.2 New solvents
7.5.3 Process intensification
7.6 Techno-economics
7.7 Future trends
7.8 Concluding remarks
References
8. CO2 capture and catalytic conversion using solids
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Proof of concept for DFMs: Synthetic natural gas production from flue gas
8.2.1 Kinetic considerations and material optimisation for CO2 capture and methanation
8.2.2 Cyclic stability considerations
8.2.3 Catalysts and carrier materials
References
9. Polymer membranes in CO2 separation and continuous flow processing
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Polymer membranes in CO2 separation
9.2.1 PEO membranes
9.2.2 Polyimide membrane materials
9.2.3 Facilitated transport membranes
9.2.4 Polymer membranes as gas–liquid contactors in CO2 separation
9.3 Continuous flow synthetic utilisation of CO2 using Teflon AF-2400 membrane reactors
9.3.1 Gas permeation properties of Teflon AF-2400 in continuous flow
References
Part III: General aspects of CO2 chemistry
10. Mineralisation of CO2 in solid waste
10.1 Introduction
10.2 History of development
10.3 Research developments
10.4 Development of commercial CO2 mineralisation processes for solid waste treatment
10.5 Future developments
10.6 Summary
References
11. Mineral carbon sequestration
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic chemistry
11.3 Natural MCS
11.4 Geoengineered accelerated MCS
11.4.1 CarbFix
11.4.2 Wallula project, Columbia river basalts
11.4.3 Flood basalt and ophiolite potential for geoengineered MCS
11.5 Green Sand for “passive” industrial MCS
11.6 “Active” industrial mineral carbon capture and utilisation
11.6.1 Cement
11.6.2 Paper
11.6.3 Polymers
11.7 Research development
11.8 Conclusions
References
12. Reactions using impure carbon dioxide
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Carbon dioxide sources
12.1.2 The circle of life
12.2 Bulk properties
12.2.1 Volumes, masses and moles
12.2.2 Composition of flue gases
12.3 The challenge
12.4 Reactions of CO2 to give value-added products
12.5 Reactions to give inorganic products
12.6 Scope for future studies
12.7 Conclusions
References
13. Carbon dioxide activation
13.1 Introdyction
13.2 The electronic structure of CO2
13.3 Reversible adsorption as a prime requirement for catalysis
13.3.1 Sabatier’s principle
13.3.2 CO2 adsorption on oxides
13.3.3 Binding to lone pair moieties
13.4 Mechanistic aspects of thermal catalytic versus electrocatalytic activation
13.4.1 H2 versus H2O as hydrogenation agent
13.4.2 Gas phase versus liquid phase reaction
13.4.3 H transfer versus sequential electron–proton transfer
13.4.4 The effect of an applied bias voltage in electrocatalytic reactions
13.5 CO2 activation in photosynthesis: The dark reaction in the Calvin cycle
13.6 Preventing the formation of H2 in electrochemical reactions
13.7 Concluding remarks
References
14. Gas phase reactions for chemical CO2 upgrading
14.1 CO2-reforming reactions
14.1.1 Thermodynamic considerations
14.1.2 Reaction mechanism
14.1.3 Metal-based heterogeneous catalysts
14.2 Gas phase CO2 hydrogenations
14.2.1 CO2 reduction to CO via Reverse Water Gas Shift
14.2.1.1 Thermodynamic considerations
14.2.1.2 Reaction mechanism
14.2.1.3 Metal-based heterogeneous catalysts
14.2.2 CO2 methanation: The power-to-gas (P2G) concept
14.2.2.1 Thermodynamic considerations
14.2.2.2 Reaction mechanism
14.2.2.3 Metal-based heterogeneous catalysts
References
Index