Capillary Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology, 1483)

✍ Scribed by Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin (editor)

• Publisher: Humana
• Year: 2016
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 525
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This new edition presents principle methods in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation involving CZE, MEKC, MECC, NACE, and corresponding hyphenated techniques to organic mass spectrometry and ICP-MS. Recent developments in the techniques of single cell analysis, as well as derivation, enantioseparation or the use of ionic liquids, and the use of CZE for the separation of living cells are also highlighted. This book discusses various application methods for the analysis of small ions, organic acids, amino acids, and (poly)saccharides to peptides that are shown with pollutants and biomarkers in food and health. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Cutting edge and thorough, Capillary Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition covers a wide field of interests and will be especially great for beginners and students because of its combined focus on mini-reviews and application notes that will help them quickly get an overview of the field.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Principles and Instrumental
Chapter 1: The CE-Way of Thinking: “All Is Relative!”
1 Introduction
2 The Injection Mode
3 The Driving Force: The Electroosmotic Flow
3.1 Origin and Implications
4 “All Is Relative!” or the CE-Mode-of-Thinking
4.1 Qualitative/Quantitative Implications of μ-Scale Transform ations
4.2 The Mobility Scale Transformation
4.3 EOF-Dependant Migration Time Fluctuations
5 Qualification and Quantification Implications
6 Concluding Remarks on Mobility Transformations
References
Chapter 2: A Semiempirical Approach for a Rapid Comprehensive Evaluation of the Electrophoretic Behaviors of Small Molecules in Free Zone Electrophoresis
1 Introduction
2 Semiempirical Models
3 Mobility Prediction from Structural Data
4 Experimental Approach
4.1 A Semiempirical Model for Small Molecules
4.2 Simulation and Separation of Hydroxy-s-­Triazines as Cations and Anions in CZE
4.3 Confirmation of Aminoalcohol in the  CZE-­Indirect Detection of Formaldehyde Releasers
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Derivatization in Capillary Electrophoresis
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Equipment
2.1 In-Capillary Derivatization by CE–UV for the Separation and Determination of Amino Acids in Beer Samples
2.2 Ultrasound-­Assisted Derivatization of Ornithine for Its Enantiomeric Determination in Dietary Food Supplements by CE–UV
2.3 Microwave-­Assisted Derivatization CE–LIF Method for the Determination of Histidine, 1- and 3-Methylhistidine in Human Urine
2.4 Simple Derivatization of Nonprotein Amino Acids for Their Determination as Novel Markers for the Detection of Adulteration in Olive Oils by CE–MS
3 Methods
3.1 In-Capillary Derivatization by CE–UV for the Separation and Determination of Amino Acids in Beer Samples
3.2 Ultrasound-­Assisted Derivatization of Ornithine for Its Enantiomeric Determination in Food Supplements by CE–UV
3.3 Microwave-
3.4 Simple Derivatization of Nonprotein Amino Acids for Their Determination as Novel Markers for the Detection of Adulteration in Olive Oils by CE–MS
4 Notes
References
Chapter 4: Statically Adsorbed Coatings for High Separation Efficiency and Resolution in CE–MS Peptide Analysis: Strategies and Implementation
1 Introduction
1.1 Coating Strategies
1.2 Separation Efficiency and Peak Capacity
1.3 Matrix Tolerance
1.4 Peptide Polarity
1.5 Resolution and Coatings
2 Materials
3 Methods
3.1 Coating Materials
3.2 Coating Procedures
3.2.1 Capillary Conditioning and Coating Application
3.2.2 Rinsing Out Coating Solution and Capillary Conditioning
3.3 CE–MS Method
3.4 Control Sample
3.5 Tryptic Digestion
3.6 Cleaning Electrodes and Prepunchers
4 Notes
References
Chapter 5: Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography of Aminoglycosides
1 Introduction
1.1 Micelle-­Forming Agents
1.2 Gentamicin
2 Materials
2.1 Apparatus
2.2 Reagents and Chemicals
2.3 Buffers
2.4 Derivatization Reagent
3 Methods
3.1 Derivatization
3.2 Running Buffer
3.3 Rinsing Procedure
4 Notes
References
Chapter 6: Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography
1 Introduction
1.1 Fundamentals
1.2 Optimization of the Separation of Neutral Analytes
1.2.1 Oil Phase
1.2.2 Surfactants
1.2.3 Cosurfactant
1.2.4 Water-Miscible Solvents
1.2.5 Other Additives
1.3 Optimization of the Separation of Ionic Analytes
1.4 Water-in-Oil Microemulsions
1.5 Sample Preconcentration by Sweeping
1.6 Detection
1.7 Applications
2 Materials
3 Methods
3.1 General Procedure for Conditioning New Fused-­Silica Capillaries
3.2 Separation of Neutral Analytes Using a Negatively Charged Oil Phase
3.3 Separation of Highly Hydrophobic Analytes Using a Negatively Charged Oil Phase
3.4 Separation of Positively Charged Analytes Using a Neutral Oil Phase
3.5 Separation of Neutral Analytes with On-Capillary Preconcentration by Sweeping
4 Notes
References
Chapter 7: Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry
1 Introduction
1.1 BGE Systems for NACE
1.2 Solvents for NACE and NACE–MS
1.3 Electrolyte Systems for NACE–MS
1.4 pH in Nonaqueous Systems
1.5 Capillary Coatings and Additives
1.6 Sheath Liquids for Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry
1.7 Optimization of NACE–MS Parameters
2 Applications
2.1 NACE–MS of Plants and Natural Products
2.2 NACE–MS for Bioanalytical Applications
2.3 NACE–MS in Food Analysis
2.4 NACE–MS for the Analysis of Technical Products and Environmental Samples
2.5 NACE–MS: Fundamental Investigations
3 Materials
3.1 BGE for NACE–MS
3.2 Sheath Liquid for NACE–MS
3.3 CE Instrumentation
3.4 CE–MS Interface
3.5 MS Instrument
3.6 Fused-Silica Capillaries
References
Chapter 8: Ionic Liquids in Capillary Electrophoresis
1 Introduction
2 Ionic Liquids in Chromatography
3 Ionic Liquids in Capillary Electrophoresis
3.1 Ionic Liquid Coated Capillaries
3.2 Ionic Liquids in Capillary Electrophoresis
3.3 Ionic Liquids in Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC) and Micro emulsion Electro kinetic Chromato graphy (MEEKC)
3.4 Ionic Liquids in Capillary Electrophoresis: Enantioseparation
3.5 Ionic Liquids in Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis (NACE)
4 Conclusions
5 Enantioseparation of Pseudoephedrine
5.1 Materials
5.1.1 Apparatus
5.1.2 Reagents and Chemicals
5.1.3 Buffers and Samples
5.1.4 Rinsing Procedure
5.2 Methods
References
Chapter 9: CZE–CZE ESI–MS Coupling with a Fully Isolated Mechanical Valve
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Chemicals and Solutions
2.2 Instrumentation
2.2.1 Valve
2.2.2 CE
2.2.3 MS Instrumentation
2.2.4 UV Detection
3 Methods
3.1 Setting Up the 2D System
3.2 Integration of a Detection Option in the First Dimension
3.3 Switching Time Calculation
3.4 2D CZE–CZE–MS Separation
4 Notes
References
Chapter 10: Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
1 Introduction
2 General Aspects: Limitation and Potential of CE–ICP-MS Coupling
3 Method: Important Details About Interfacing CE to ICP-MS
3.1 Requirements and Solutions
3.2 Method: Determining a Siphoning Suction Flow
4 Examples of Applications for CE Interfacing to ICP-MS
4.1 Selenium Speciation
4.1.1 Analytes
4.1.2 Samples
4.1.3 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)-ICP-DRC-MS
4.1.4 Parameter for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
4.1.5 Data Processing
4.2 Manganese Speciation
4.2.1 Analytes
4.2.2 Samples
4.2.3 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)–ICP-DRC-MS
4.2.4 Parameter for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
4.2.5 Data Processing
References
Chapter 11: Use of CE to Analyze Solutes in Pico- and Nano-Liter Samples from Plant Cells and Rhizosphere
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Equipment
2.1 Chemicals
2.2 Equipment
2.2.1 Sampling
2.2.2 Sample Manipulation
2.2.3 Capillary Electrophoresis Setup (Fig. 3)
3 Methods
3.1 Plant Materials
3.1.1 Leaves and Hydroponic Roots
3.1.2 Roots and Rhizosphere
3.2 Sampling of Single Cells and Microcosms
3.3 Manipulation
3.4 CE Analysis of pl and nl Droplets
4 Notes
References
Part II: Applications from Small to Macromolecules
Chapter 12: Analysis of Small Ions with Capillary Electrophoresis
1 Introduction
2 Material and Equipment
2.1 Analysis of Ammonium Ions and Metal Ions Using Ionic Liquid-Coated Capillary
2.2 Analysis of Nitrite and Nitrate Ion [51]
2.3 Analysis of Sulfur-­Containing Anions in Complex Matrix
2.4 Analysis of Phosphorus Ions (In-Capillary Complexation)
2.5 Analysis of Bromide Ions
2.6 Analysis of Chlorine-­Containing Anions
2.7 Analysis of Monofluorophosphate and Fluoride in Toothpaste
2.8 Analysis of Iodine Ions
3 Method
3.1 Analysis of Ammonium Ions
3.2 Analysis of Nitrite and Nitrate Ions
3.3 Analysis of Sulfur-­Containing Anions
3.4 Analysis of Phosphorus Ions
3.5 Analysis of Bromine Ions
3.6 Analysis of Chlorine Ions
3.7 Analysis of Fluorine Ions
3.8 Analysis of Iodine Ions
4 Notes
References
Chapter 13: Metal Ions Analysis with Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Equipment
2.1 Main Group Elements
2.1.1 Analysis of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ion [17]
2.1.2 Determination of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ by Indirect Detection [18]
2.1.3 Analysis of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals by Ionic Liquid [19]
2.2 Transition Metals
2.2.1 Determination of Pd(II) as a Chloro Complex in the Presence of Rh(III), Ru(III), Os(VI), and Ir(III) [20]
2.2.2 Determination of Cr(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), and Pb(II) [21]
2.2.3 Determination of Cu(II), Fe(III), Zn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) Using 4-(2-Pyridylazo)Resorcinol (PAR) [22]
2.2.4 Determination of Heavy Metal Ions Using Polyamidoamine Dendrimers [23]
2.2.5 Analysis of Cu2+ and Pb2+ as Aminobenzyl-­EDTA (ABEDTA) Complexes [24]
2.2.6 Analysis of Metal Ions as Their Phenanthroline Complexes [25]
2.2.7 Determination of Metal Ions by 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid (PDC) [26]
2.2.8 Determination of Au(III), Cr(VI), Fe(III), UO2(II), and Ni(II) Using Bis(salicylaldehyde) orthophenylenediamine [27]
2.2.9 Determination of Heavy Metals by 2-(5-Nitro-2-­pyridylazo)-5-(N-­propyl-­N-­sulphopropyl-amino)phenol (Nitro-PAPS) [28]
2.3 Rare Earth Elements
2.3.1 Analysis of Rare Earth Elements (Lanthanides) [29]
2.3.2 Determination of Uranium(VI) and Transition Metal Ions with 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (TAR) [30]
2.3.3 Separation of Trivalent Lanthanides by Complexation with Humic Acid [31]
2.4 Multielement Analysis
2.4.1 Multielement Analysis Using Precapillary Complexation [32]
2.4.2 Separation of Metal Ions with  EDTA [33]
3 Methods
3.1 Main Group Elements
3.1.1 Analysis of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ion [17]
3.1.2 Determination of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ by Indirect Detection [18]
3.1.3 Analysis of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals by Ionic Liquid [19]
3.2 Transition Metals
3.2.1 Determination of Pd(II) as a Chloro Complex in the Presence of Rh(III), Ru(III), Os(III), and Ir(III) [20]
3.2.2 Analysis of Cr(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), and Pb(II) [21]
3.2.3 Determination of Cu(II), Fe(III), Zn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) Using 4-(2-Pyridylazo)Resorcinol (PAR) [22]
3.2.4 Determination of Heavy Metal Ions Using Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimers [23]
3.2.5 Analysis of Cu and Pb as ABEDTA Complexes [24]
3.2.6 Analysis of Metal Ions as Their Phenanthroline Complexes [25]
3.2.7 Determination of Metal Ions by 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid (PDC) [26]
3.2.8 Determination of Au(III), Cr(VI), Fe(III), UO2(II), and Ni(II) Using Bis(salicylaldehyde) [27]
3.2.9 Determination of Heavy Metals by 2-(5-Nitro-2-­Pyridylazo)-5-(N-­Propyl-­N-­Sulphopropyl-Amino)Phenol (Nitro-PAPS) [28]
3.3 Rare Earth Elements (REEs)
3.3.1 Analysis of Rare Earth Elements Lanthanides [16]
3.3.2 Determination of Uranium(VI) and Transition Metal Ions with 4-(2-Thiazolylazo)Resorcinol (TAR) [30]
3.3.3 Separation of Trivalent Lanthanides by Complexation with Humic Acid [31]
3.4 Multielement Analysis
3.4.1 Multielement Analysis Using Precapillary Complexation [32]
3.4.2 Separation of Metal Ions with EDTA [33]
4 Notes
References
Chapter 14: Bioanalytical Application of Amino Acid Detection by Capillary Electrophoresis
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Analysis of the Amino Acid Standards and the Blood Samples
2.2 Capillary Electrophoresis Combined with Microdialysis: Analysis of Trace Amino Acids Neurotransmitters
2.3 Analysis of Protein Hydrolysates
3 Methods
3.1 CE-ESI-MS
3.2 CE-LIF
3.3 CE-UV
4 Notes
References
Chapter 15: Enantiomer Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis
1 Introduction
1.1 Fundamentals of CE Enantioseparations
1.2 Migration Modes
1.3 Chiral Selectors
1.4 CE Enantio-separation Modes
1.5 Method Development
2 Materials
2.1 CE Apparatus and Equipment
2.2 Chemicals
2.3 Background Electrolytes (See Notes 6 and 7)
2.4 Sample Solutions
3 Methods
3.1 Conditioning and Rinsing Procedures for the Fused-­Silica Capillary (See Note 10)
3.1.1 Preconditioning of a New Capillary
3.1.2 Conditioning of the Capillary Between Analyses
3.1.3 Rinsing of the Capillary for Storage
3.2 CE Analysis
4 Notes
References
Chapter 16: Capillary Electrophoresis of Mono- and Oligosaccharides
1 Introduction
1.1 Derivatization of Sugars
1.2 Underivatized Sugars
1.3 Use of Borate-­Based Separation Buffers for Derivatized and Underivatized Sugars
2 Materials
2.1 Derivatization of Reducing Sugars
2.1.1 Derivatization with ANTS (Dextrans)
2.1.2 Derivatization of Sugars by Conversion to Glycosylamines and Reaction with N-Fluorenyl-­Methiloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) Chloride
2.2 Analysis of Underivatized Sugars
2.2.1 Use of Borate-­Based Separation Buffers for Glycosides (Identification of Anomeric Forms of O-and C-Allyl Glycosides)
2.2.2 CZE-UV of Unsaturated, Underivatized Acidic Sugars Released from Alginates
2.3 Equipment
3 Methods
3.1 Derivatization of Neutral Reducing Sugars
3.1.1 Derivatization with ANTS
3.1.2 Derivatization of Sugars by Conversion to Glycosylamines and Reaction with N-Fluorenyl-­Methiloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) Chloride
3.2 Analysis of Underivatized Sugars
3.2.1 Use of Borate-­Based Separation Buffers for Glycosides (Identification of Anomeric Forms of O-and C-Allyl Glycosides)
3.3 CZE-UV of Unsaturated, Underivatized Acidic Sugars Released from Alginates
4 Notes
References
Chapter 17: Use of Capillary Electrophoresis for Polysaccharide Studies and Applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Determination of the Degree of Substitution of Hyalur onic Acid Butyric Ester: CZE-UV of Released Butyric Acid
1.2 MEKC-UV Determination of the Degree of Polymerization and Distribution of Oligosa ccharides in a Partially Acid-Hydrolyzed Homopolysaccharide
1.3 Influence of Electric Field on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Polysaccharides: Application to Hyaluronic Acid
1.4 Influence of pH on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Polysaccharide: Application to Hyaluronic Acid and Related Glyco conjugates
2 Materials
2.1 Determination of the Degree of Substitution of Hyaluronic Acid Butyric Ester: CZE-UV of Released Butyric Acid
2.2 MEKC-UV Determination of the Degree of Polymerization and Distribution of Oligosaccharides in a Partially Acid-Hydrolyzed Homopolysaccharide
2.3 Influence of Electric Field on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Polysaccharides: Application to Hyaluronic Acid
2.4 Influence of pH on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Polysaccharide: Application to Hyaluronic Acid
2.5 Equipment
3 Methods
3.1 Determination of the Degree of Substitution of Hyaluronic Acid Butyric Ester: CZE-UV of Released Butyric Acid
3.2 MEKC-UV Determination of the Degree of Polymerization and Distribution of Oligosaccharides in a Partially Acid-Hydrolyzed Homopolysaccharide
3.3 Influence of Electric Field on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Polys accharides: Appli cation to Hyaluronic Acid
3.4 Influence of pH on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Polysaccharides: Application to Hyaluronic Acid
4 Notes
References
Chapter 18: Separation of Peptides by Capillary Electrophoresis
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.1.1 Analyte Separation
1.1.2 Detection
1.1.3 Suppression of Wall Adsorption
1.1.4 Sample Concentration
1.1.5 Applications
1.2 Method Development
1.2.1 Separation Capillary
1.2.2 Separation Buffer
1.2.3 Buffer Additives
1.2.4 Applied Voltage
1.2.5 Capillary Temperature
1.2.6 Sample Matrix and Injection
1.2.7 Method Development Strategy
2 Materials
2.1 CE Instrument and Equipment
2.2 Chemicals
2.3 Background Electrolytes (See Notes 4 and 5)
2.4 Sample Solutions
3 Methods
3.1 Conditioning and Rinsing Procedures for the Fused Silica Capillary (See Note 6)
3.1.1 Preconditioning of a New Capillary
3.1.2 Conditioning of the Capillary Between Analyses
3.1.3 Rinsing of the Capillary for Storage
3.2 CE Analysis
4 Notes
References
Chapter 19: Microbial Analysis of Escherichia coli ATCC, Lactobacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Capillary Electrophoresis Approach
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Aspects
1.2 Outline of Method
2 Materials and Equipment
2.1 Microbial Culture
2.2 Electrophoretic Analysis of Microbial Aggregates
2.3 Spectrometric Analysis of Bacteria
3 Methods
3.1 Preparation of Microbial Suspension
3.1.1 Microbial Culture
3.1.2 Sample Preparation for CZE Analysis
3.2 Electrophoretic Analysis of Microbial Aggregates [24]
3.2.1 Uncoated Mode
3.2.2 Noncross Linked Polyacrylamide Coating (See Note 6) [27]
3.3 MALDI TOF MS Analysis of Micro organism
3.3.1 Sample Preparation
3.3.2 Intact Cell MALDI TOF MS Analysis of Bacteria and Yeast
4 Notes
References
Chapter 20: Capillary Electrophoretic Analysis of Classical Organic Pollutants
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Equipment
2.1 Analysis of the Derivatives and Isomers of Benzoate and Phthalate
2.2 Analysis of Sudan Dyes in Chilli Powder
2.3 Analysis of Phenoxy Acids
2.4 Analysis of the Dithiocarbamate Pesticides [13, 14]
2.5 Analysis of Paraquat and Diquat [15, 16]
2.6 Analysis of Endocrine Disruptors [18]
2.7 Analysis of Toxins
2.8 Analysis of Explosives
2.9 Separation of Bisphenol A and Three Alkylphenols by MEKC
2.10 Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3 Methods
3.1 Analysis of the Derivatives and Isomers of Benzoate and Phthalate
3.2 Analysis of Sudan Dyes in Chilli Powder
3.3 Analysis of Phenoxy Acids
3.4 Analysis of Dithiocarbamate Pesticides
3.5 Analysis of Paraquat and Diquat
3.6 Analysis of Endocrine Disruptors
3.7 Analysis of Toxins
3.7.1 CE–UV Analysis of ASP Toxins
3.7.2 CE–UV Analysis of PSP Toxins
3.8 Analysis of Explosives
3.9 Separation of Bisphenol A and Three Alkylphenols by MEKC
3.10 Analysis of PAHs
4 Notes
References
Chapter 21: Capillary Electrophoresis in Metabolomics
1 Application Review of Metabolomics Using Capillary Electrophoresis
2 Application Examples for Targeted Fatty Acid Analysis and Non-targeted Metabolomics
2.1 Plasma and Urine Metabolic Fingerprinting of Type 1 Diabetic Children[70]
2.1.1 Materials, Equipment, and Conditions
Analytes and Sample
Sample Preparation
CE and MS Instrument and Capillary, CE Buffer
2.1.2 Methods
2.1.3 Data Analysis
2.2 Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Carboxylic Acids in Rate Urine by CE-ESI -MS/MS Through Positively Pre-charged and H2-Coded Derivatization [50]
2.2.1 Materials and Equipment
Analytes and Sample
Sample Preparation
CE and MS Instrument and Capillary, CE Buffer
2.2.2 Methods
2.2.3 Data Analysis
References
Chapter 22: Capillary Electrophoresis in Food and Foodomics
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Reagents
2.1.1 Reagents for Sample Preparation
2.1.2 Reagents for CE-ESI-TOF MS Analysis
2.1.3 Preparation of Solutions
2.2 Consumables and Equipment
2.2.1 Consumables and Equipment for Sample Preparation
2.2.2 Consumables and Equipment for CE-ESI-TOF MS Analysis
2.2.3 Software and Bioinformatic Tools
3 Methods
3.1 Cell Culture Preparation Protocol
3.2 Obtainment of Ten Million Cells from Cell Culture Dishes
3.3 Metabolite Extraction Procedure
3.4 CE-ESI-TOF MS Methodology
3.5 Data Processing
3.6 Identification of Potential Biomarkers
4 Notes
References
Chapter 23: Capillary Electrophoresis in Wine Science
1 Introduction
1.1 Background Electrolyte Compositions
1.2 Detection of Wine Compounds
2 Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis to Wine Research
2.1 Enantiomeric Analysis
2.2 Quantitative Analysis: Polyphenolic Contents in Wines
2.3 Recent Advances in the Sulfur Chemistry of Wines
2.4 Peptides and Proteins in Wines: What Can Be Learnt by Capillary Electrophoresis?
3 Materials and Equipment
3.1 Wine Polyphenol Quantification [14]
3.2 Analysis of Wine Proteins and Polypeptides [9]
4 Methods
4.1 Wine Polyphenol Analysis
4.2 Wine Protein Analysis
References
Index