Botulinum Toxin Therapy

✍ Scribed by Mark Hallett, Scott M. Whitcup

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 287
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Part I: Basic Sciences
The History of Botulinum Toxins in Medicine: A Thousand Year Journey
1 Introduction
2 History
References
The Structure and Classification of Botulinum Toxins
1 BoNT Serotypes, Chimeric Toxins, and Subtypes
2 TeNT
3 BoNT-Like Toxins
4 BoNT Homologs
5 Three-Domain Architecture
5.1 Translocation Domain
5.2 The Structure of the LC
5.3 Structural Basis for Receptor Recognition
6 BoNT Gene Cluster and Progenitor Toxin Complex
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Botulinum Neurotoxins: Mechanism of Action
1 Introduction
2 Botulism and Toxicity of Botulinum Neurotoxins
3 The Structural Architecture of Botulinum Neurotoxins
4 The Conserved Mechanism of Nerve Terminal Paralysis by the Botulinum Neurotoxins
4.1 Neurospecific Binding (Step 1)
4.2 Entry into Nerve Terminals (Step 2)
4.3 Synaptic Vesicle Membrane Translocation (Step 3)
4.4 Reduction of the Disulphide Interchain Bond (Step 4)
4.5 SNARE Protein Cleavage (Step 5)
5 The Different Duration of Action of Botulinum Neurotoxins
6 Long-Distance Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxins
7 Future Directions
References
Manufacturing and Clinical Formulations of Botulinum Neurotoxins
1 Introduction
2 History
3 Schantz Manufacturing Process
4 Current Botulinum Neurotoxin Formulations
5 Potency Assay and Unit Dosing
6 Challenges in Manufacturing
References
Novel Native and Engineered Botulinum Neurotoxins
1 Introduction
2 BoNT Structure and Mechanism of Action
3 The Classical Serotypes of BoNT and Their Clinical Use
4 Mosaic BoNTs
5 Newly Identified Native BoNTs
5.1 New BoNTs from Clostridial Strains
5.1.1 BoNT/FA (Also Known as BoNT/H and BoNT/HA)
5.1.2 BoNT/X
5.2 New BoNTs from Non-clostridial Strains
5.2.1 BoNT/Wo
5.2.2 Cp1 Toxin
5.2.3 BoNT/En (eBoNT/J)
5.2.4 PMP1
6 Recombinantly Engineered BoNTs
6.1 Molecular Design Considerations for Recombinant Production of BoNTs
6.2 Vaccines Against BoNT
6.3 Assembling BoNTs from Individual Subunits
6.4 BoNT as a Delivery Vehicle for Other Proteins to Neurons
6.5 Tailored BoNTs with Altered Properties
7 Conclusions
References
Part II: Clinical Practice
Clinical Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin Drugs
1 Introduction
2 Therapeutic Mode of Action
3 Time Course of Action
4 Target Tissues
5 General Pharmacological Profile
6 Adverse Effects
7 Interactions
8 Potency Labelling
9 Antigenicity
10 Therapeutic Preparations
References
The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of the Dystonias
1 Pathophysiology of Dystonia
2 Therapeutic Strategies for the Various Forms of Dystonia
3 Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Use of Botulinum Toxin in Dystonia
4 Botulinum Toxin Mechanisms of Action in Dystonia
5 Botulinum Toxin Effects on Sensory Abnormalities in Focal Dystonia
6 Botulinum Toxin Effects on Tremor in Dystonia
References
The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Spasticity
1 Introduction
2 Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentations
3 Goal-Setting and Goal-Oriented Clinical Assessment
4 Botulinum Toxin (BoNT) Therapy for Spasticity Management and Related Clinical Issues
References
Use of Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology
1 Introduction
2 Pharmacology and Mechanism
2.1 Disruption of the Balanced System of Extraocular Muscles
2.2 Reestablishment of Control by the Binocular Visual System
3 Clinical Uses in Ophthalmology
3.1 Strabismus
3.2 Nystagmus
3.3 Eyelid
3.3.1 Benign Essential Blepharospasm
3.3.2 Hemifacial Spasm
3.3.3 Exposure Keratopathy
3.3.4 Entropion
References
Hyperhidrosis and Aesthetics
1 Introduction
2 Indications
3 Hyperhidrosis
4 Glabella
5 Frontalis
6 Crow´s Feet
7 Orbicularis Oris and Depressor Anguli Oris
8 Platysma
9 Masseter
10 Conclusion
References
Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Genitourinary System
1 Introduction
2 Personal Story with Botulinum Toxin
3 Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity Indication
4 Refractory Idiopathic Detrusor Overactivity Indication
5 Bladder Injection Technique
6 Other Genitourinary Experience with BoNT: Urinary Sphincter and Pelvic Floor, Prostate, and Bladder Pain
7 Pelvic Floor Injection Results
8 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
9 Bladder Pain
10 Conclusion
References
Gastrointestinal Uses of Botulinum Toxin
1 Esophageal Applications
1.1 Cricopharyngeal Dysphagia
1.1.1 Cricopharyngeal Achalasia (CPA) in Children
1.2 Achalasia
1.3 Other Esophageal Disorders
2 Gastric Applications
2.1 Gastroparesis
2.2 Obesity
2.3 Other Gastropyloric Disorders
3 Duodenal and Biliary Applications
3.1 Sphincter of ODDI Dysfunction (SOD)
3.2 Other Biliary Disorders
4 Pelvic and Anorectal Applications
4.1 Pelvic Floor Dyssynergia
4.2 Chronic Idiopathic Anal Pain
4.3 Anal Fissure
4.4 Other Anorectal Conditions
References
The Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Management of Headache Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Pathophysiology of Primary Headache Disorders
3 Treatment of Migraine
4 Botulinum Toxin Formulations
5 Uptake and Trafficking of BoNTA
6 Mechanism of Action of BoNTA in Migraine
7 Efficacy of BoNTA in Migraine
8 Treatment Guidelines
9 OnabotA Injection Techniques
10 Adverse Events Associated with OnabotA Use
11 Summary
References
Botulinum Toxin and Pain
1 Introduction
2 How Neurotoxin Became an Analgesic
3 BoNT-A Analgesia
4 Axonal Transport of BoNT-A
5 BoNT-A Target Molecule
6 Transsynaptic, Cell-to-Cell Transport of BoNT-A
7 Bilateral Effect of BoNT-A Following Unilateral Injection
8 Convergence Point of Pain in Trigeminal Region
9 Emerging New Analgesic
10 Conclusion
References
The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Depression
1 Background
2 Botulinum Toxin Therapy of Depression
3 Depression in Chronic Migraine
4 Mechanisms of Action
5 BTT in the Clinical Management of Depression
6 Outlook
References
Correction to: The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Depression
Correction to: Chapter The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Depression´´ in: M. Axel Wollmer et al., Handbook of Expe... Correction to: The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Spasticity Correction to: ChapterThe Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Spasticity´´ in: S. Li and G. E. Francisco, Handbook of E...
Correction to: Use of Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology
Correction to: Chapter Use of Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology´´ in: M. J. Wan et al., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology... Correction to: The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of the Dystonias Correction to: ChapterThe Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of the Dystonias´´ in: A. Berardelli and A. Conte, Handbook ...
Correction to: Botulinum Toxin and Pain
Correction to: Chapter Botulinum Toxin and Pain´´ in: Z. Lacković, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, https://doi.org/10... Correction to: The Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Management of Headache Disorders Correction to: ChapterThe Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Management of Headache Disorders´´ in: H. Yuan and S. D. Silberstei...