Blockchain Applications in IoT Ecosystem (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)

✍ Scribed by Tanupriya Choudhury (editor), Abhirup Khanna (editor), Teoh Teik Toe (editor), Madhu Khurana (editor), Nguyen Gia Nhu (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 314
• Edition: 1st ed. 2021
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book focuses on the fundamentals of blockchain technology along with the means and methods of its integration with Internet of Things (IoT). The book allows the reader to have a deeper understanding of blockchain technology, IoT and various application areas wherein both technologies can be implemented. The book serves the purpose of providing knowledge about the fundamentals of blockchain and IoT to a common reader along with allowing a research scholar to identify some futuristic problem areas that emerge from the convergence of both technologies. Furthermore, the authors discuss relevant application areas such as smart city, e-healthcare, smart travel, etc. throughout the course of the book. The book also talks through a few case studies illustrating the implementation and benefits of using blockchain and IoT.

• Provides a comprehensive view of blockchain technology and its integration with IoT;
• Facilitates in having a valuable understanding of various application areas pertaining to blockchain and IoT;
• Assists the reader in exploring new research areas wherein blockchain and IoT can find their applicability based upon their list of benefits.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
1 Introduction to Blockchain
1.1 Introduction to Blockchain
1.1.1 How Does a Blockchain Work?
1.2 Consensus Algorithms in Blockchain
1.2.1 Proof of Work
1.2.2 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance
1.2.3 Proof of Stake
1.2.4 Proof of Burn
1.2.5 Proof of Capacity
1.2.6 Proof of Elapsed Time
1.3 Protocols
1.4 Applications of Blockchain
1.4.1 Decentralized Cryptocurrencies
1.4.2 Insurance: Claims Processing
1.4.3 Payments: Cross-Border Payments
1.4.4 Your Vehicle/Cellphone
1.4.5 Supply Chain Sensors
1.5 Use of Blockchain in Healthcare
1.5.1 Medical Supply Chain Management and Drug Traceability/Safety
1.5.2 Breakthroughs in Genomics
1.6 Blockchain Platforms
1.6.1 Ethereum
1.6.2 Hyperledger Fabric
1.6.3 IBM's Blockchain
1.6.4 Multichain
1.6.5 Hydrachain
1.6.6 Ripple
1.6.7 R3 Corda
1.6.8 BigchainDB
1.6.9 OpenChain
1.6.10 IoTA
1.7 Blockchain for IoT-Enabled Healthcare
1.7.1 Secure Remote Patient Monitoring
1.7.2 Supply Chain
1.8 Future Scope of Blockchain
1.8.1 Blockchain in Digital Advertising
1.8.2 Blockchain in Cybersecurity
1.8.3 Blockchain in Cloud Storage
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Block Chain and IoT Architecture
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Block Chain Technology
2.1.2 Internet of Things
2.1.3 Hybrid Structure
2.2 Architectures
2.2.1 Blockchain Architecture
2.2.2 IoT Architecture
2.2.3 Hybrid Architecture
2.2.4 Performance
2.3 Conclusion
References
3 Fusion of Blockchain and IoT: The Future of Industry 4.0
3.1 Introduction
3.2 IoT: Benefits and Challenges
3.3 Blockchain Technology: Functions and Usefulness
3.4 How Can Blockchain Solve IoT Safety Issues and Scalability?
3.5 Feasibility Considerations for Integrating Blockchain and IoT Technologies
3.6 Examples and Use Cases of IoT Blockchain Technologies
3.7 Benefits of Integrating Advanced IoT for Blockchain Networks
3.8 Prospective Barriers to the Convergence of Blockchain and IoT
3.9 Conclusion
References
4 Blockchain Consensus Algorithms: Study and Challenges
4.1 Introduction to Blockchain Technology
4.2 Introduction to Consensus Algorithms
4.3 Consensus Algorithms Characteristics
4.3.1 Structural Properties
4.3.2 Block and Reward properties
4.3.3 Performance Properties
4.3.4 Security Properties
4.4 Consensus Algorithms
4.4.1 Proof Based Consensus Algorithm
4.4.1.1 Proof of Work (PoW)
4.4.1.2 Proof of Stake (PoS)
4.4.1.3 Implicit Consensus
4.4.1.4 Secure Sharding Algorithm (ELASTICO) ch4:bib14
4.4.1.5 Hybrid Algorithms (PoW/PoS)
4.4.1.6 Proof of Stake Velocity (PoSV)
4.4.1.7 Proof of Activity (PoA)
4.4.1.8 Proof of Burn (PoB)
4.4.2 Voting Based Consensus
4.4.2.1 Proof of Trust (PoT) ch4:bib24
4.4.2.2 Proof of Vote (PoV) ch4:bib25
4.4.2.3 Ripple Algorithm ch4:bib26
4.4.2.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)
4.4.2.5 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT)
4.5 Comparison of Different Consensus Algorithms
4.6 Research Challenges and Future Scope
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Block Chain Platforms and Smart Contracts
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.3 Survey of Existing Blockchain Platforms
5.3.1 Waltonchain
5.3.2 Origin Trail
5.3.3 IBM Watson
5.3.4 Slock.it
5.3.5 NetObjex Platform
5.4 Smart Contracts
5.5 Tourism Industry
5.6 Future Works
References
6 Blockchain Technology: Concept, Applications, Challenges, and Security Threats
6.1 Introduction to Blockchain
6.2 Blockchain Origin
6.2.1 Tiers of Blockchain Technology
6.3 Blockchain Categorization
6.4 Blockchain Working
6.5 Blockchain Concepts
6.5.1 Cryptographic Hash Functions
6.5.2 Cryptographic Nonce
6.5.3 Transactions in Blockchain
6.5.4 Asymmetric Key Cryptography
6.5.5 Addresses
6.5.6 Wallets
6.5.7 Digital Ledgers
6.5.8 Blocks in Blockchain
6.6 Consensus in Blockchain
6.6.1 Poof of Work (PoW) Consensus Model
6.6.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) Consensus Model
6.6.3 Round Robin Consensus Model
6.6.4 Proof of Authority/Identity Consensus Model
6.6.5 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) Consensus Model
6.6.6 Proof of Burn (PoB) Consensus Model
6.7 Smart Contracts
6.8 Challenges in Blockchain
6.9 Applications of Blockchain
6.10 Blockchain Security Threats and Attacks
6.10.1 Blockchain Structure Attacks
6.10.2 Blockchain's Peer-to-Peer System Attacks
6.10.3 Application Based Attacks
6.11 Blockchain Prospects for Internet of Things (IoT)
6.12 Conclusion
References
7 IoT-Integrated Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Drug Supply Chain and Counterfeiting Pharmaceuticals
7.3 Blockchain Technology
7.4 The Applications of Integrating IoT with the Blockchain
7.4.1 Overcoming the Shortage of Medicines
7.4.2 Information Transmission Network in the Drug Supply Chain
7.4.3 Enhance Supply Chain Security
7.4.4 Freight Tracking
7.4.5 Temperature Control
7.5 The Proposed IoT-Integrated Blockchain Framework
7.6 The Case of Modum.io
7.7 Discussions
7.8 Insights for the Future
7.9 Conclusions
References
8 The Desiderata of Blockchain and IoT in Medical and Pharmaceutical Enterprises
8.1 Introduction
8.2 IOT in Medical and Pharmaceutical Enterprises
8.2.1 Digitizing Patient's Records Using Blockchain with Electronic Health Records (EHR)
8.2.2 Precedence of Electronic Health Records (EHR) over Electronic Medical Records (EMR)
8.2.3 Advantages Associated with Electronic Health Records (EHR)
8.2.4 Incorporating Privacy and Security into EHR and IoT
8.2.5 Impediments Involved in Implementing EHR and Blockchain
8.2.6 Medical Transcription and EHR
8.3 Existing Model
8.4 Proposed Model
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Microchain: A Light Hierarchical Consensus Protocol for IoT Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 An Overview of Blockchain Fabric
9.3 Distributed Consensus Protocols and Algorithms
9.3.1 Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus
9.3.2 Nakamoto Consensus Protocol
9.4 Challenges on Integration Blockchain with IoTs
9.5 Microchain: A Lightweight Blockchain Fabric for IoTs
9.5.1 Microchain System Architecture
9.5.2 Prototype Implementation and Evaluation
9.5.3 Network Latency
9.5.4 Throughput Evaluation
9.5.5 Comparative Evaluation
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 Leveraging Blockchain and SDN for Efficient and Secure IoT Network
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Related Technologies
10.2.1 Software-Defined Networks
10.2.1.1 SDN Architecture
10.2.2 Blockchain
10.3 Security Issues
10.3.1 Security Issues in IoT
10.3.2 Security Issues in SDN
10.4 Blockchain-Based Secure Software-Defined IoT Framework
A. SDN as Network Layer in IoT Infrastructure
B. Use of Blockchain-Based SDN and Distributed Cloud
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 The Biometric Signature as a Blockchain Application
11.1 The Definition and the Function of a Signature
11.2 A Brief Literature Review on Digital Signatures
11.2.1 Conventional Digital Signatures
11.2.2 Server Signing
11.3 The Biometric Signature
11.4 The Biometric Signature on a Blockchain
11.5 Conclusion: The Biometrix Project
References
12 BlockTwins: A Blockchain-Based Digital Twins Framework
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Digital Twins
12.3 Blockchain
12.4 Blockchain and Digital Twins Pair
12.5 Blockchain-Based Digital Twins Framework
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Blockchain Technologies for Securing IoT Infrastructure: IoT-Blockchain Architectonics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Relevant Literature
13.3 An Overview of IoT
13.3.1 Introduction to the Internet of Things
13.3.2 Challenges of the IoT
13.4 Features of Blockchain
13.4.1 Salient Features of Blockchains
13.4.2 Block and Blockchain
13.4.3 Transactions and Digital Signatures
13.4.4 Cryptography
13.4.5 Blockchain Architecture
13.5 Security Issues in IoT Infrastructure
13.5.1 Issues
13.5.2 Security Threats
13.6 Integration of Blockchain Technology and IoT
13.7 Research Issues
13.7.1 Resource Constraints
13.7.2 Security Vulnerability
13.7.3 Privacy Leakage
13.7.4 Scalability of Blockchain-Aware IoT
13.8 Conclusion
References
14 qIoTAgriChain: IoT Blockchain Traceability Using Queueing Model in Smart Agriculture
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Application of IoT in Smart Agriculture
14.1.2 Blockchain Technologies in Agriculture
14.2 Related Works
14.3 Smart Agriculture and AgriChain
14.3.1 Smart Agriculture
14.3.2 AgriChain
14.3.2.1 The Platform
14.3.2.2 Stock Management
14.3.2.3 Contracting
14.3.2.4 Supply Chain Tracking
14.3.2.5 Automation in Logistics
14.3.2.6 Broker Integration
14.3.2.7 Goods Receivables
14.3.2.8 Traceability
14.3.2.9 Position Reporting
14.4 Model Description and Queueing Model
14.5 Performance Evaluation
14.6 Numerical Results
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Smart Farming: Securing Farmers Using Block Chain Technology and IOT
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Literature Survey
15.3 Technologies Used in Agriculture
15.3.1 Internet of Things (IoT) Technology
15.3.2 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
15.3.3 Cloud Computing(CC)
15.3.4 Big Data
15.3.5 Mobile Computing
15.3.6 RFID Technology in Agriculture
15.3.7 Agricultural Food Supply Chain Management
15.3.8 Technologies Used in the Agricultural Food Supply Chain
15.3.9 Blockchain Technology
15.3.10 Control with IoT
15.3.11 Proposed IoT with Blockchain Smart Farming Model
15.4 IoT Function
15.4.1 Steps involved in IoT function
15.4.2 Food Supply Chain Process
15.4.3 Improve Food Traceability
15.4.4 Improved Farmers' Productivity
15.4.5 Fair Mode of Payment
15.5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
16 An Efficient Methodology for Avoiding Threats in Smart Homes with Low Power Consumption in IoT Environment Using Blockchain Technology
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Delivery of Infrastructure to IoT
16.1.2 IoT Security Using Blockchain
16.2 Literature Survey
16.2.1 IoT Security Issues
16.2.2 Threat Types
16.2.2.1 Denial in Systems
16.2.2.2 Definite Node Modulation
16.2.3 Routing Attempts
16.3 Proposed Method
16.4 Results
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Integrating Blockchain with Edge Computing for a Secure and Reliable Data Flow
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 What Is Blockchain?
17.1.2 What Is Edge Computing?
17.1.3 IoT
17.2 Literature Review
17.3 The Need of Integrating Blockchain with Edge Computing
17.3.1 Issues in Blockchain
17.3.2 Requirements in the Design of Integration (Fig. 17.7)
17.4 Integrated Framework of Blockchain and Edge Computing for the IoT (Fig. 17.8)
17.4.1 Terminologies in the Integrated Framework
17.4.2 Working of the Integrated Framework
17.4.3 Advantages from the Integration
17.4.4 Case Study
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Role of Technologies in Revamping the Supply Chain Management of Kirana Stores
18.1 Kirana Stores and Indian Retail Sector
18.2 Kirana Store's Supply Chain and Its Key Components
18.3 Key Components of SCM and Scope of Technology
18.4 Procurement or Sourcing
18.5 Inventory Management
18.6 Storage and Logistics
18.7 Types of Technologies and Their Application in SCM of Kirana Stores
18.8 Blockchain
18.9 Role of Blockchain in Supply Chain Management of Kirana Stores
18.10 RFID
18.11 Role of RFID in Supply Chain Management of Kirana Stores
18.12 Digital Technologies
18.13 Role of Digital Technologies in SCM of Kirana Stores
18.14 Conclusion
References
19 Application Potential of Blockchain Technologies in the Travel and Tourism Industry
19.1 Introduction to Blockchain
19.2 Methodology
19.3 Applications of Blockchain in Travel and Tourism
19.3.1 Decentralization in Booking (Connecting All the Players)
19.3.2 Smart Contracts
19.3.3 Digital Currency
19.3.4 Disintermediation
19.3.5 Authenticity in the Realm of Customer Reviews
19.3.6 Innovative Loyalty Programs and Loyalty Program Management
19.3.7 Tracking, Identity Management, and Service Customization
19.3.8 Food Chain Supply Management
19.3.9 Information to Policymakers and Demand Forecast
19.3.10 Security Reduction of Fraud
19.3.11 Data Sharing
19.4 Examples of Present Blockchain Usage in the Travel and Tourism Sector
19.4.1 Loyalty Programs
19.4.2 Booking and Payments
19.4.3 Identity Management
19.4.4 Other Applications
19.5 Conclusion
References
Index