Biomechanical Modelling and Simulation on Musculoskeletal System

✍ Scribed by Yubo Fan (editor), Lizhen Wang (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 395
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book involves the basic principles, methods, anatomy and other knowledge for modelling and simulation of the musculoskeletal system. In addition, abundant examples are presented in detail to help readers easily learn the principles and methods of modelling and simulation. These examples include the impact injury and clinical application of the modelling of bone and muscle. In terms of impact injury, the book introduces the biomechanical simulation of impact injury in head, spine, ankle, knee, eyeball and many other parts. With regard to clinical application, it explores the optimization of orthopaedic surgery and design of orthopaedic implants. Readers will find this is a highly informative and carefully presented book, introducing not only the biomechanical principles in the musculoskeletal system, but also the application abilities of modelling and simulation on the musculoskeletal system.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Musculoskeletal System
1.1 Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System
1.1.1 Bone
1.1.1.1 Classification of Bones
1.1.1.2 Bone Structure
1.1.1.3 Human Bones
1.1.1.4 Bony Landmarks
1.1.2 Muscle
1.1.2.1 Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Smooth Muscle
1.1.2.2 The Structure and Morphology of Skeletal Muscle
1.1.2.3 The Start, the Stop, the Distribution, and the Function of the Muscle
1.1.2.4 Human Muscles
1.1.3 Joints
1.1.3.1 Direct Link and Indirect Link
1.1.3.2 Movement and Classification of Joints
1.1.3.3 Spine
1.1.3.4 Hip Joint
1.1.3.5 Knee Joint
1.1.3.6 Ankle
1.2 Introduction to Bone Tissue
1.2.1 Bone Structure
1.2.2 Compact Bone
1.2.3 Cancellous Bone
1.2.4 Cells in the Bone
1.2.5 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Bone
1.2.6 Bone Formation
1.2.7 Bone Reconstruction
1.3 Biomechanics Theories About Musculoskeletal System
1.3.1 Concepts of Musculoskeletal Biomechanics
1.3.1.1 Stress
1.3.1.2 Displacement
1.3.1.3 Strain
1.3.1.4 Strain Energy Density
1.3.2 Constitutive Relation of Musculoskeletal System
1.3.2.1 Linear Elastic Constitutive Model
1.3.2.2 Hyperelastic Constitutive Model
1.3.2.3 Viscoelastic Constitutive Model
1.3.2.4 Numerical Model of Bone Remodeling
1.3.3 Basic Principles of Musculoskeletal Modeling Simulation
1.3.3.1 The Governing Equation of Biomechanics Models
1.3.3.2 Principle of Minimum Potential Energy
1.3.3.3 Finite Element Simulation
References
Chapter 2: Common Software for Modeling and Simulation and Its Mechanics Principle
2.1 Imaging Image Acquisition
2.1.1 CT and Micro-CT Imaging Principle
2.1.2 MRI and Micro-MRI Imaging Principles
2.1.3 Image Acquisition for Modeling and Simulation
2.2 Three-Dimensional Modeling of Musculoskeletal System Based on Medical Images
2.2.1 Introduction to Modeling
2.2.2 Image Preprocessing
2.2.3 3D Model Reconstruction
2.2.4 Common Software Introduction and Examples
2.2.4.1 Introduction to Mimics
2.2.4.2 Mimics Human Skeletal Muscle System Modeling Application Examples
2.2.4.3 Simpleware human skeletal muscle system modeling application example
2.3 Modeling of Musculoskeletal System Based on CAD
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.1.1 Preparing Image Dataset
2.3.1.2 Geometrical Modeling
2.3.1.3 Model Improvement and CAD Modeling
2.3.1.4 Finite Element Calculation
2.3.2 Geomagic
2.3.2.1 Point Cloud Processing
Surface Improvement
2.3.3 SolidWorks
2.3.4 Rapidform
2.3.4.1 Process Triangle Surfaces
2.3.4.2 Generate NURBS Surface
2.4 Techniques and Methods of Bone Material Properties Testing
2.4.1 Influencing Factors of Bone Mechanical Test
2.4.1.1 Effects of Internal Factors Such As Age and Health Status
2.4.1.2 Effects of Sample Interception Position and Direction
2.4.1.3 Effects of Sample´s Water Content
2.4.1.4 Effects of Temperature in Experiment
2.4.1.5 Effects of Loading Strain Rate
2.4.2 Tension and Compression Tests
2.4.2.1 Sample Preparation
2.4.2.2 Laboratory Equipment
2.4.2.3 Data Processing
2.4.3 Bending Test
2.4.3.1 Sample Preparation and Fixture Design
2.4.3.2 Testing Method
2.4.3.3 Data Analysis and Processing
2.4.4 Torsion and Shear Test
2.4.4.1 Sample Preparation and Fixture Design
2.4.4.2 Testing Methods
2.4.4.3 Data Processing
2.4.5 Ultrasonic Testing Technology
2.4.6 Micromechanical Properties Testing Technology
2.5 Introduction of Finite Element Analysis Methods and Software
2.5.1 Commonly Used Software for Finite Element Analysis
2.5.2 HyperMesh
2.5.3 Ansa
2.5.4 Icem CFD
2.5.5 TrueGrid
2.5.6 Introduction of Finite Element Analysis Method and Related Software
2.5.6.1 Initiation of HyperMesh
2.5.6.2 Brief of HyperMesh Working Interface
2.5.6.3 Brief to HyperMesh Main Menu
2.5.6.4 HyperMesh Application Example: Static Loading of Tibiotalar Joint
2.5.7 Introduction of ANSYS
2.5.7.1 Start the ANSYS Workbench Application
2.5.7.2 Select the Desired Analysis Module in the Toolbox
2.5.7.3 Define the Properties of the Materials Used
2.5.7.4 Build a Geometric Model
2.5.7.5 Attached Material Properties
2.5.7.6 Mesh-Plotting
2.5.7.7 Set Solution Parameters
2.5.7.8 Apply Force Boundary Conditions and Displacement Boundary Conditions
2.5.7.9 Calculation and Solution
2.5.7.10 Result Analysis
2.5.8 Introduction to Abaqus Software
2.5.8.1 Start the Abaqus CAE Application
2.5.8.2 Import the Geometric Model
2.5.8.3 Define the Material Properties Used
2.5.8.4 Assembly
2.5.8.5 Define the Standard Stride and Reconstruction Parameters
2.5.8.6 Define Interaction
2.5.8.7 Boundary Conditions of Applied Force and Displacement
2.5.8.8 Meshing
2.5.8.9 Calculation and Solution
2.5.8.10 Result Analysis
2.5.9 Introduction of AnyBody
2.5.9.1 User Interfaces of AnyBody
2.5.9.2 Modeling Using the AnyBody Software
2.5.9.3 Modeling Element of the AnyBody Software
2.5.9.4 Modeling Process of the AnyBody Software
References
Chapter 3: Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation of Head
3.1 Head and Neck Dynamics Model
3.1.1 Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation of Head Impact Injury
3.1.1.1 Head Geometry Modeling
3.1.1.2 Pre-process of the Head Model
3.1.1.3 Dynamic Simulation of Closed Brain Injury
3.1.2 Modeling and Simulation on Head-Neck Musculoskeletal System
3.1.2.1 Anatomy of the Head-Neck
3.1.2.2 Material Properties of the Head-Neck Tissues
3.1.2.3 Geometry Modeling of the Head-Neck
3.1.2.4 Examples of the Head-Neck Multi-body Dynamic Modeling
3.1.2.5 Examples of the Head-Neck Finite Element Modeling
3.2 Biomechanical Model of Eyeball Injury
3.2.1 Introduction to Finite Element Explicit Dynamics
3.2.1.1 Explicit Dynamics Algorithm
3.2.1.2 Stability of Explicit Dynamics
3.2.1.3 ANSYS Explicit Dynamics Module
3.2.2 Biomechanical Simulation of Eye Injury
3.2.2.1 Geometric Modeling of the Eyeball
3.2.2.2 Material Models of Eye Tissue
3.2.2.3 Mesh Division of Eyeball Structure
3.2.2.4 Dynamic Simulation of Bullet Impact on Eyeball
3.2.2.5 Simulation Analysis of Explosive Ocular Trauma
3.3 Modeling and Simulation of Oral Biomechanics: Introduction of Oral Biomechanics
3.3.1 Basic Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Oral Tissue
3.3.1.1 Jaw
3.3.1.2 Tooth
3.3.2 An Example of Orthodontic Treatment
3.3.2.1 CT Data Scanning
3.3.2.2 Establish the Geometric Model of Mandible, Dentition, and periodontium
3.3.2.3 Establish Orthodontic Appliances
3.3.2.4 Establish the Finite Element Model
3.4 Bone Micromechanics Model Based on Micro-CT
3.4.1 Bone Microscopic Model Based on Micro-CT Images
3.4.2 Meshing Method
3.4.3 The Method of Material Assignment
3.4.3.1 Assign Model Materials Based on the Material Properties Obtained from the Test
3.4.3.2 Assign Model Materials Based on Gray Value
References
Chapter 4: Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation of Spine
4.1 Biomechanics Model of Cervical Spine
4.1.1 Modeling and Simulation of Artificial Disc Replacement
4.1.1.1 Description of Issue
4.1.1.2 Geometric Modeling of Artificial Disc
4.1.1.3 Introduction of Cervical Spine Geometry Model
4.1.1.4 New Parts Generated by Boolean Operation
4.1.1.5 Definition of Material and Section Properties
4.1.1.6 Definition of Assemblies
4.1.1.7 Mesh
4.1.1.8 Definition of Contacts and Constraints
4.1.1.9 Set Analysis Steps
4.1.1.10 Definition of Boundary Condition and Load
4.1.1.11 Submit Analysis Job
4.1.1.12 Post-Processing
4.1.2 Biomechanical Modeling of Dynamic Cervical Implant
4.1.2.1 Extraction of Bone Geometric Contour
4.1.2.2 Parameterization of Cervical Spinal Structures
4.1.2.3 Geometry of Dynamic Cervical Implant and Artificial Disc
4.1.2.4 Meshing
4.1.2.5 Material Property
4.1.2.6 Component Assembly
4.1.2.7 Boundary Condition
4.1.2.8 Job Submitting and Post-processing
4.2 Biomechanics Model of Lumbar Spine
4.2.1 Modeling and Simulation of the Pull-Out Procedure of Pedicle Screw
4.2.1.1 Key Points of Modeling Procedure
4.2.1.2 Overview of the Procedure
4.2.1.3 Detailed Simulation Procedure
Geometric Model Development of Pedicle Screw
Geometric Model Development of t Bone Square
Pre-procedure of Simulation
Model Post-Processing
Validation of the Results of Simulation Experiments
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 Modeling and Simulation of Lumbar Spine Rehabilitation
4.3.1.1 Geometric Modeling of Lumbar Vertebral Body
CT Image Acquisition
3D Reconstruction
GEOMAGIC Surface Optimized Configuration
4.3.1.2 Establishment of Cone Mesh Model
4.3.1.3 Establishment of the Whole Lumbar Spine Mesh Model (Intervertebral Disc and Ligament)
4.3.1.4 Model Assembly and Material Definition
4.3.1.5 Static Simulation of Traction Swing
Problem Description
Modeling Process
4.3.2 Post-Processing
4.3.2.1 Dynamic Simulation of Lumbar Spine Vibration
Description of the Problem
Modeling Process
Post-processing
4.3.2.2 Modal Analysis of L1-L5 Lumbar Spine in Free State
Description of the Problem
Modeling Process
Post-processing
References
5: Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation of Lower Limb
5.1 Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation of the Hip Joint
5.1.1 Biomechanics of the Hip Joint
5.1.1.1 Components of the Hip Joint
5.1.1.2 Force Analysis in Lying, Standing, and Gait
5.1.2 Finite Element Model of the Hip Joint
5.1.2.1 Bone Structure
5.1.2.2 Articular Cartilage
5.1.2.3 Meshing
5.1.3 Biomechanical Evaluation of Different Internal Fixation Methods for Transverse Acetabular Fractures of Pelvis
5.1.3.1 Problem Description
5.1.3.2 Internal Fixation Model for Pelvic Fractures
5.1.3.3 Preloading
5.1.3.4 Material Property
5.1.3.5 Loading and Results
5.1.4 Biomechanical Simulation of Femoral Intertrochanteric Fracture
5.1.4.1 The Physiological Anatomy of the Femur
5.1.4.2 Geometric Modeling of Femur and Intramedullary Nail
Geometric Modeling of Femur
Geometric Modeling of Intramedullary Nails
5.1.4.3 The Realization Process of PFNA Model Implantation in Femur
5.1.4.4 Meshing of Femur and Intramedullary Nail Model
Meshing the Triangle Elements by Hypermesh
5.1.4.5 Material Attribute Assignment of Model
Material Attribute Assignment of Femur Model
Assignment of PFNA Prosthesis Material Properties
5.1.4.6 Biomechanical Simulation of Femoral Intertrochanteric Fracture
Import Model in Abaqus
Setting Contact and Binding Constraints
Define Analysis Steps
Define Load
Define Boundary Conditions
Submit Analysis Job
Post-processing
5.2 Modeling and Simulation of Knee Joint Injuries
5.2.1 Knee Joint Biomechanics
5.2.2 Finite Element Modeling of Normal Knee Joint
5.2.2.1 Status Quo of Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation of Knee Joint
5.2.2.2 Image Acquisition
5.2.2.3 Geometric Modeling
5.2.2.4 Finite Element Modeling
5.2.2.5 Post-processing Analysis
5.2.3 Application of Knee Joint Finite Element Modeling in ACL Reconstruction
5.2.3.1 Finite Element Modeling of Ligament Reconstruction
5.2.3.2 Results and Reflection
5.2.4 Modeling and Simulation of Knee Joint Under Special Working Conditions
5.2.4.1 Acquire Image Data Set
5.2.4.2 Build Geometric Model Based on MRI Images
5.2.4.3 Build NURBS Models
5.2.4.4 Finite Element Analysis
5.3 Modeling and Simulation of Foot Injury
5.3.1 Biomechanics of Ankle
5.3.1.1 Biomechanical Behavior and Structure of Ankle
5.3.1.2 Kinematics and Dynamics of the Ankle
5.3.2 The Mechanism and Clinical Classification of Ankle Injury
5.3.3 Application of Finite Element Model in Biomechanical Analysis of Ankle Injury
5.3.3.1 Geometric Process and Procedure of Half-Foot Model
5.3.3.2 Finite Element Simulation of Half-Foot Stance
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Modeling and Simulation of Bone Reconstruction Process
6.1 Theory of Bone Mechanics Regulation
6.2 Regulation Equation and Algorithm of Bone Remodeling
6.2.1 Reconstruction of Control Equation Based on Strain Energy Density
6.2.2 Regulate Equation with Overload Damage
6.2.3 Governing Equations of Anisotropy
References
Chapter 7: Modeling and Simulation of Multi-rigid Body Dynamics
7.1 Modeling and Simulation of Multi-rigid Body System Dummies
7.1.1 Introduction to Dynamics of Multi-rigid Body System
7.1.2 Structural Analysis of Human Musculoskeletal System
7.1.2.1 Geometric Reference for Human Modeling
7.1.2.2 Motor Units of Human Body
7.1.3 Multi-rigid Body System Modeling of Human Musculoskeletal System
7.1.3.1 Measurement Parameters of Human Body Models
7.1.3.2 Establishment of Dummy Model
7.1.3.3 Modeling of Dummy Motor Joints
7.1.4 ADAMS Multi-rigid Body Dynamics Simulation
7.1.4.1 Introduction to ADAMS
7.1.4.2 Simulation Flow of ADAMS
7.1.5 Example of ADAMS Human Dynamics Simulation
7.1.5.1 Aircraft Operating Platform Modeling
7.1.5.2 ADAMS/View Preprocessing
7.2 The Study on the Dynamic Response of Thoracolumbar Spine
7.2.1 Problems of the Thoracolumbar Spine in Dynamic Environment
7.2.2 Dynamics Model and Simulation of Thoracolumbar Spine
7.2.2.1 Multi-Rigid Dynamic Model
7.2.2.2 Finite Element Model
7.2.2.3 Contact and Boundary Conditions
7.2.2.4 Simulation of Ejection Impact Process
7.2.2.5 Submit Analysis Job
7.2.2.6 Post-Processing
References