Biomechanical Systems: Techniques and Applications, Volume III: Musculoskeletal Models and Techniques

✍ Scribed by Cornelius Leondes

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2000
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 207
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Because of developments in powerful computer technology, computational techniques, advances in a wide spectrum of diverse technologies, and other advances coupled with cross disciplinary pursuits between technology and its greatly significant applied implications in human body processes, the field of biomechanics is evolving as a broadly significant area. This Third Volume presents the advances in widely diverse areas with significant implications for human betterment that occur continuously at a high rate. These include dynamics of musculo-skeletal systems; mechanics of hard and soft tissues; mechanics of muscle; mechanics of bone remodeling; mechanics of implant-tissue interfaces; cardiovascular and respiratory biomechanics; mechanics of blood flow, air flow, flow-prosthesis interfaces; mechanics of impact; dynamics of man machine interaction; and numerous other areas. The great breadth and depth of the field of biomechanics on the international scene requires at least four volumes for adequate treatment. These four volumes constitute a well integrated set that can be utilized as individual volumes. They provide a substantively significant and rather comprehensive, in-depth treatment of biomechanic systems and techniques that is most surely unique on the international scene.

✦ Table of Contents

Musculoskeletal Models and Techniques......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
The Editor......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
1 - Three-Dimensional Dynamic Anatomical Modeling of the Human Knee Joint......Page 8
Biomechanical Systems......Page 9
Phenomenological Mathematical Knee Models......Page 10
Anatomically Based Mathematical Knee Models......Page 11
Dynamic Anatomically Based Knee Models......Page 12
Kinematic Analysis......Page 15
Contact and Geometric Compatibility Conditions......Page 16
Ligamentous Forces......Page 19
Contact Forces......Page 21
Equations of Motion......Page 22
1.3 Solution Algorithm......Page 23
DAE Solvers......Page 27
Load Vector and Stiffness Matrix......Page 28
1.4 Model Calculations......Page 30
1.5 Discussion......Page 36
Varus-Valgus Rotation......Page 38
Tibial Rotation......Page 40
Femoral and Tibial Contact Pathways......Page 41
Velocity of the Tibia......Page 42
Ligamentous Forces......Page 43
1.6 Conclusions......Page 45
1.7 Future Work......Page 46
References......Page 48
2.1 Introduction and Synopsis......Page 55
Bone Cells......Page 56
Bone Tissue......Page 57
Phenomena......Page 58
General Description and Clinical Observations......Page 59
Quantitative Experiments......Page 60
Empirical Models......Page 64
Frost’s Flexural Neutralization Theory......Page 65
Cowin’s Adaptive Elasticity Theory......Page 66
Strain Energy Density (SED) Theory of Adaptive Bone Remodeling......Page 67
Theory of Self-Optimization or Bone Maintenance......Page 68
Causal Mechanisms......Page 70
2.4 Soft Tissue Remodeling......Page 72
Acknowledgment......Page 73
References......Page 74
3.1 Introduction......Page 78
Representation of the Relative Positions......Page 81
Joint Surfaces and Contact Conditions......Page 83
Ligament and Contact Forces......Page 85
Equations of Motion......Page 87
Numerical Solution Procedure......Page 88
Model Description......Page 89
Alternative Methods of Solution......Page 93
3.4 Application of the Impact Theory to Dynamic Joint Models......Page 96
Numerical Results and Discussion......Page 97
3.5 Three-Body Segment Dynamic Model of the Knee Joint......Page 102
References......Page 104
The Physical Interaction between Ultrasound and Solid Media......Page 107
The Relationship between Acoustic Impedance and Mechanical Properties......Page 108
The Spatial Resolution of the Acoustic Microscope......Page 109
A Historical Perspective of the Study of Bone with Acoustic Microscopy......Page 110
The Acoustic Microscope......Page 111
Low Frequency......Page 113
High Frequency......Page 118
Acoustic Properties of Remodeled Bone about Metal and Ceramic Coated Metallic Prostheses......Page 122
The Analysis of Bone Remodeling Adjacent to Absorbable Polymers......Page 127
Problems and Obstacles in the Mechanical Characterization of Incompletely Calcified Tissues......Page 128
Regional and Temporal Changes in the Acoustic Properties of Fracture Callus in Secondary Bone Healing......Page 130
The Acoustic Properties of Bone Formed during Limb Lengthening......Page 135
Acknowledgments......Page 137
References......Page 138
5.2 Strain Theory......Page 141
5.3 Experimental Considerations......Page 144
5.4 Displacement Measurement......Page 148
5.5 Conclusion......Page 159
References......Page 160
6.1 Introduction......Page 166
6.2 Muscle-Tendon Structure......Page 167
6.3 Approaches Used to Study Muscle-Tendon Structure......Page 170
Functions of Specific Structures......Page 173
Processes Involved in Force Development and Transmission......Page 174
Effects of Muscle-Tendon Architecture......Page 175
Effects of Contraction History......Page 176
Effects of an Integrated Multiple Muscle System......Page 177
6.5 Approaches Used to Study Muscle-Tendon Function......Page 178
Muscle Mechanics and Energy Utilization......Page 179
Force and Neural Input......Page 180
General Performance and Muscle-Tendon Architecture......Page 181
General Performance and Multiple Muscle Systems......Page 182
References......Page 183
7.1 Introduction......Page 189
Comparison of In Situ and In Vitro Models......Page 190
Biomechanical Properties of Ligaments......Page 191
Liquid Metal Strain Gage......Page 193
Buckle Transducer......Page 195
Roentgenstereophotogrammetric Analysis......Page 197
7.4 Ligament Tension Transducer System......Page 199
7.5 Summary......Page 204
References......Page 205