Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers

✍ Scribed by Yoshiharu Doi and Kazuhiko Fukuda (Eds.)

• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd
• Year: 1994
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 618
• Series: Studies in Polymer Science 12
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

In the past 25 years, plastic products have gained universal use not only in food, clothing and shelter, but also in the transportation, construction, medical and leisure industries. Whereas previously synthetic plastics were developed as durable substitute products, increasing concern for the global environment and solid waste management has resulted in an urgent demand for biodegradable plastics. The main topics of the Third International Scientific Workshop were as follows: Biodegradation of polymers and plastics; Environmental degradation of plastics; Synthesis and properties of new biodegradable plastic materials; Biodegradation and morphologies of polymer blends; Development of biodegradation test methods; and Governmental policy, regulation and standards

✦ Table of Contents

Content:
Studies in Polymer Science
Page ii

Front Matter
Page iii

Copyright page
Page iv

Foreword
Page v
Kishimoto Yasunobu

Preface
Pages vii-viii
Fukuda Kazuhiko, Doi Yoshiharu

Organizing Committee
Page ix

Similarities and Differences Between Biodegradation and Non-Enzymatic Degradation
Pages 3-10
S.J. Huang, L.-H. Ho, M.T. Huang, M.F. Koenig, J.A. Cameron

The complexity of the biodegradation of poly(2-hydroxy acid)-type aliphatic polyesters
Pages 11-23
M. Vert, A. Torres, S.M. Li, S. Roussos, H. Garreau

Biodegradation of polyethers and polyacrylate
Pages 24-38
Fusako Kawai

Biodegradation of Biosynthetic and Chemosynthetic Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Pages 39-51
Yoshiham Doi, Katsuyuki Mukai, Kenichi Kasuya, Kenji Yamada

Purification and characterization of extracellular poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerases
Pages 52-64
T. Saito, M. Shiraki, T. Shimada, M. Tatsumichi

Monitoring of Polymer Biodegradabilities in the Environment by a DNA Probe Method
Pages 65-76
H. Yukawa, Y. Uchida, K. Kohama, Y. Kurusu

Environmental Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Polymers: Initiation and Control
Pages 79-91
Gerald Scott

Effects of soil conditions on biodegradation of plastics and responsible microorganisms
Pages 92-106
M. Kimura, K. Toyota, M. Iwatsuki, H. Sawada

Bacterial synthesis of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates with functionalized side chains
Pages 109-119
R.W. Lenz, R.C. Fuller, C. Scholz, F. Touraud

Properties and Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Pages 120-135
M K COX

Plastid Targeting of the Enzymes Required for the Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate in Higher Plants.
Pages 136-149
C. Nawrath, Y. Poirier, C.R. Somerville

“bionolle” biodegradable plastic through chemical synthesis
Pages 150-174
E. Takiyama, T. Fujimaki

Biodegradable Plasticizers: Miscible Blends of Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) with Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Poly(ethylene glycol)
Pages 177-189
M. Gada, R.A. Gross, S.P. McCarthy

Enzymatic Degradation of Polymer Blends
Pages 190-199
Y.Tokiwa, A. Iwamoto

Starch/Vinyl-Alcohol Copolymer Interactions
Pages 200-213
C. Bastioli, V. Bellotti, M. Camia, L. Del Giudice, A. Rallis

Strategy for biodegradability testing in OECD
Pages 217-227
M. Kitano, Y. Yakabe

Expectations for Biodegradation Testing Methods
Pages 228-236
Graham Swift

The Development and Modification of some Special Test Methods and the Progress in Standardisation of Test Methods in Germany
Pages 237-249
R.-J. Müller, J. Augusta, T. Walter, H. Widdecke

Perspectives on Standard Test Methods for Biodegradable Plastics
Pages 250-258
Richard P. Wool

Impact of Governmental Policies, Regulations, and Standards Activities on an Emerging Biodegradable Plastics Industry
Pages 261-272
Ramani Narayan

Status of government policy, regulation and standards on the issue of biodegradable plastic materials in Italy
Pages 273-285
E. Chiellini

Current Status of Biodegradable Plastics in Korea : Research, Commercial Production and Government Policy
Pages 286-297
Ho Nam Chang, Yeon Chul Kim, Sang Yup Lee, Beom Soo Kim

Field Testing of Biodegradable Plastics
Pages 298-312
Hideo Sawada

Governmental Policy, Regulations and Standards
Pages 313-320
ANN-CHRISTINE ALBERTSSON, R.H. MARCHESSAULT

Standard test methods for polymer biodegradation in solid waste treatment systems
Pages 323-330
L. De Baere, B. De Wilde, R. Tillinger

Evaluation of biodegradability of biodegradable plastics in activated sludge
Pages 331-336
Y. Yakabe, M. Kitano

A Study on Methods of Testing Biodegradable Plastics in Soil: Aerobic and Anaerobic Gas Evolution Test; Petri Dish Test in Various Soils
Pages 337-344
Hiroshi Eya, Naoko Iwaki, Yukie Otsuji

A simple method for detection of polymeric degrading microorganisms on agar plates
Pages 345-350
Masao Tsuji, Yukie Omoda

An extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from the activated sludge
Pages 351-356
M. Shiraki, M. Tatsumichi, T. Shimada, T. Saito

Cloning and Nucleotide Sequencing of The Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase Gene From Pseudomonas pickettii
Pages 357-361
Y. Kurusu, K. Kohama, Y. Uchida, T. Saito, H. Yukawa

‘BIOPOL’ PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING
Pages 362-364
Katsuhiko Tsuchikura

Control of Molecular Weight Distribution and Mole Fraction in Poly(-D(−)-3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) Production by Alcaligenes eutrophus
Pages 365-372
Hiroshi SHIMIZU, Shinji TAMURA, Yoshiyuki ISHIHARA, Suteaki SHIOYA, Ken-ichi SUGA

Production of copolyesters from organic acids by mutant strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus
Pages 373-378
Shiro Kitamura, Yoshiharu Doi

A New Kinetic Model for the Accumulation of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in Alcaligenes eutrophus: Granule Formation and Granule Growth
Pages 379-386
Jenci Kurja, Gertjan M. de Koning, Hennie F. Zirkzee, Ian A. Maxwell

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by photosynthetic microorganisms
Pages 387-393
Taro Suzuki, Aatoly A.Tsygankov, Masato Miyake, Jun Miyake, Yutaka Tokiwa, Yasuo Asada

Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by Comamonas acidvorans
Pages 394-399
Yuji Saito, Yoshiharu Doi

Isolation and Characterization of Pseudomonas putida BM01 Accumulating High Amount of PHA_MCL
Pages 400-409
Sung Chul Yoon, Jae Jun Song, Tae Un Kim

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co -3-hydroxyhexanoate) from oils and fats by Aeromonas sp.OL-338 and Aeromonas sp.FA-440
Pages 410-416
Genta Kobayashi, Takeshi Shiotani, Yu Shima, Yoshiharu Doi

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from plant oils by Alcaligenes sp.
Pages 417-424
Mohd Isa Abd Majid, Katsutoshi Hori, Minoru Akiyama, Yoshiharu Doi

Biosynthesis of Poly(γ-glutamic acid) in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 and Crosslinking Reaction by γ-Irradiation of Poly(γ-glutamic acid).
Pages 425-432
Masao Kunioka

Studies on Biodegradability of low density polyethylene (LDPE) to Which a Biodegradation inducing Agent has been Added
Pages 433-436
Yoshito Ohtake, Tomoko Kobayashi, Shigeki Itoh, Hitoshi Asabe, Masuo Yabuki, Katsumichi Ono

Development of Polycaprolactone/Gelatinized Starch Blends and Their Enzymatic Degradation
Pages 437-442
S. Takagi, M. Koyama, H. Kameyama, Y. Tokiwa

Properties and Applications of “Mater-Bi”
Pages 443-450
Y. Yoshida, T. Uemura

New application of cellulose and chitosan for biodegradable polymer material
Pages 451-458
R. Kitagawa, M. Nishiyama, J. Hosokawa, T. Kubo, K. Yoshihara, T. Endo, H. Kabeya

Development of Biodegradable Material for Loose Fill Packaging
Pages 459-463
Mitsuo Nagai, Yoshinori Tokugawa, Fumiaki Tsuda, Hiroshi Iwasaki

Biodegradable Star-Shaped Poly-L-Lactide
Pages 464-469
S.H. Kim, Y.H. Kim

Cellular Response to Phagocytized Particles of Poly-L-Lactic Acid
Pages 470-478
D.F. Gibbons, J.E. Gysbers, K.H. Kato, P.J. Parks

L-Lactic Acid Production by a CSTR with Cross-Flow Membrane Filter on Pilot Scale
Pages 479-485
H. Ohara

Purification Process of L-Lactic Acid for Bio-Degradable Poly-L-Lactate
Pages 486-491
H. Ohara, S. Sawa

Recycle of Polylactide in Natural Circumstances-Mechanism of Degradation-
Pages 492-497
Eiichi Ozeki, Yasuhiro Fujii

Synthesis of copolyester containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) units, and its biodegradability
Pages 498-504
Hae Sang Jun, Bong Oh Kim, Yeon Chul Kim, Ho Nam Chang, Seong Ihl Woo

An attempt to make poly (vinyl acetate) biodegradable
Pages 505-510
Nariyoshi Kawabata, Teruya Kurooka

Synthesis and biodegradability of polyesters based on 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols and succinic acid derivatives
Pages 511-518
Masahiko Okada, Keigo Aoi, Sae Shimizu, Yasunari Okada

Studies of the Hydrolytic Degradation of Some Aliphatic Polyesters
Pages 519-527
J.V. Seppälä, R.M.H. Malin

Synthesis of polydepsipeptide with pendant carboxylic acid groups and its hydrolysis behavior
Pages 528-533
T. Ouchi, Y. Okamoto, M. Shiratani, M. Hirao, M. Jinno, Y. Ohya

Tailor-making of multimeric poly(β-malic acid) derivatives : property adjustment through ester pendant groups
Pages 534-540
S. CAMMAS, M.A. LEBOUCHER, I. RENARD, K. BOUTAULT, Ph. GUERIN

Biodegradation of optically active new-polyesters
Pages 541-548
H. Shiraharaa, H. Yasuda

Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Optically Active β-Butyrolactone with Several Lactones: Synthesis of New Biodegradable Polyesters
Pages 549-556
Yoji Hori, Yoko Takahashi, Akio Yamaguchi, Takao Nishishita

Biodegradability of Poly(_L/_DL-Lactide-co-_DL-β-Methyl-δ-valeroiactone)
Pages 557-561
Atsuyoshi NAKAYAMA, Norioki KAWASAKI, Ioannis ARVANITOYANNIS, Noboru YAMAMOTO

Novel biodegradable copolyamides based on adipic acid, 1,6 hexane diamine and aminoacids : synthesis and study of properties; Part 1
Pages 562-569
I. Arvanitoyannis, E. Nikolaou, N. Yamamoto

Polytransesterification of C₄-diacids and 1,4-butanediol with various lipases in organic solvent
Pages 570-576
Y.-Y. Linko, Z.-L. Wang, J. Seppälä

Physical Properties and Processabilities of Biodegradable Plastics “BIONOLLE”
Pages 577-583
Y. Yokota, R. Ishioka, Y. Moteki, N. Watanabe

Biodegradation of BIONOLLE
Pages 584-590
M. Nishioka, T. Tuzuki, Y. Wanajyo, H. Oonami, T. Horiuchi

Morphology and enzymatic degradation of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] plasticized with acylglycerols
Pages 591-595
Hideki Abe, Yoshiharu Doi, Michael M. Satkowski, Isao Noda

Synthesis of Dimethyl Succinate Using Carbon Monoxide and Its Application to Biodegradable Polymers
Pages 596-600
Ikuo Takahashi, Kenji Koumoto, Akio Matsuda, Takashi Masuda

Biodegradation and Composting Studies of Polymeric Materials
Pages 601-609
Steven Bloembergen, Julie David, David Geyer, Amy Gustafson, Joe Snook, Ramani Narayan

List of Contributors
Pages 611-622

Subject Index
Pages 623-627