Advanced Strategies for Biodegradation of Plastic Polymers

✍ Scribed by Soni R., Debbarma P., Suyal D.C., Goel R. (ed.)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 426
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Synthetic plastic offers a wide range of utilities because of its physico-chemical properties, thus the demand for its commercial availability and generation of waste is inevitable. Although the scientists have proved over the years that plastics can be efficiently biodegraded by different potential microorganisms, this sustainable green technology is still in the cocoon phase and overlooked by the industry and government as well. Therefore, this book will showcase the cutting-edge microbial tools to mitigate the plastic waste sustainably in consideration of latest technologies and recent strategic advancements besides discussing the global plastic production and their impacts on environment. It will also provide the present status and future perspectives of the environmental clean-up technologies. Moreover, it is an effort to ascertain the potential areas for large-scale biodegradation or pilot scale or start-up ventures in the field of plastic remediation strategy.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Advanced Strategies for Biodegradation of Plastic Polymers
Copyright
Contents
1. Global Scenario of Plastic Production, Consumption, and Waste Generation and Their Impacts on Environment and Human Health
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Plastic Life Cycle: Environmental and Health Implications from Production to Disposal
1.2.1 Production
1.2.2 Consumption
1.2.3 Waste Management
1.2.4 Effects of Plastic on the Environment
1.3 Plastic Waste Impact: Global Health Risks and Environmental Consequences
1.3.1 Public Health Effects of Plastic Wastes
1.3.2 Compound Health Effect(s)
1.4 Assessing the Impact of Plastic Waste on Environment and Health: A Comprehensive Review
1.4.1 Effect on Environment
1.4.2 Effects of Plastics on Humans
1.4.3 Effects of Plastics on Animal Health
1.5 Evaluating Plastic Waste’s Ecological Footprint: Biodiversity Implications of Plastic Pollution
1.5.1 Plastic Pollution as One of Many Stressors of Biodiversity and Ecosystems
1.6 Global Best Practices and Innovations in Plastic Waste Management
1.7 Current Plastic Waste Management Scenario
1.7.1 Landfilling
1.7.2 Recycling
1.7.3 Incineration
1.8 Waste Impact: Unpacking the Consequences of Plastic
1.9 The Economic Cost of Plastic Waste
1.9.1 Health Impacts
1.9.2 House Devaluation
1.9.3 Flood Damages
1.10 Tech for Tomorrow: Analyzing Sustainable Alternatives to Plastic
1.10.1 Different Technologies and Approaches for the Removal of Plastic
1.10.2 Adsorption
1.10.3 Photocatalysis
1.10.4 Coagulation
1.10.5 Microorganism
1.10.6 Bioplastics as Alternative
1.11 Global Plastic Crisis: Navigating Environmental and Health Solutions
1.12 Global Trends and Mitigation Strategies
References
2. Constraints of Conventional Strategies in Managing Plastic Waste and Future Challenges
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Status of Plastic Generation
2.3 Constraints of Conventional Plastic Waste Management Strategies
2.3.1 Recycling Limitations
2.3.1.1 Difficulties in Recycling
2.3.1.2 Collection and Sorting of the Plastic Waste
2.3.1.3 Contaminants
2.3.1.4 Additives in Plastics
2.3.1.5 Limitations to Mechanical Recycling Technologies
2.3.2 Single-Use Plastic (SUP)
2.3.3 Infrastructure and Technology Gaps
2.3.4 Leakage into the Environment
2.3.5 Consumer Behaviour
2.3.6 Lack of Awareness
2.4 Future Challenges
2.4.1 Emerging Plastic Substitutes
2.4.1.1 Bioplastic
2.4.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics
2.4.3 Plastic Waste in the Oceans
2.4.4 Circular Economy Implementation
2.4.5 Policy and Regulations
2.4.6 Global Collaboration
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Current Progress and Potential Microbial Cornucopia for Plastic Degradation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Recent Advancements Pertaining to Plastic Biodeterioration
3.2.1 Screening Procedures for Potent Microorganisms in Plastic Breakdown
3.2.2 Ideonella sakaiensis: The Prime “Plastic Eater”
3.2.3 Databases Aiding in Plastic Degradation
3.2.4 Molecular Advancements Involving Enzymes, Genes, and Engineering
3.3 Potential Microbial Wealth for Plastic Biodegradation
3.3.1 Bacteria
3.3.2 Fungi
3.3.3 Other Class of Microbes
3.4 Challenges and Future Direction in Microbe-Mediated Plastic Deterioration
3.5 Conclusion
References
4. Microbial Degradation: Understanding the Mysteries of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Degradation, “By Nature’s Recyclers”
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Strategy Used for PET Degradation
4.3 Microbial-Based Mechanism Involved in PET Degradation
4.3.1 Enzyme-Based PET Degradation
4.3.2 Bioengineering Approach
4.4 Microorganism Involved in Degradation of PET
4.4.1 Bacteria
4.4.2 Fungi
4.4.3 Yeast
4.4.4 Algae
4.4.5 Actinomycetes
4.4.6 PET Degradation by Genetically Modified Microorganism
4.4.7 Consortia-Based Degradation of PET
4.5 Factors Affecting PET Biodegradation
4.6 Current Research and Technology Advances
4.7 Challenges and Limitations
4.8 Conclusion
References
5. Biodegradation of Polyurethane (PU) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
5.1 Introduction: The Biodegradation Pathways of Polyurethane and Polyvinyl Chloride
5.2 Environmental Impact of Biodegradation in Polyurethane and PVC
5.3 Biodegradation of Polyurethane and PVC: Sustainable Waste Management
5.4 Microbial Degradation of Polyurethane and PVC in Natural Environments
5.5 Challenges and Prospects in Biodegrading Polyurethane and PVC for Eco-friendly Technologies
5.6 Microbial Communities for Polyurethane and PVC Biodegradation
5.7 Enzymes and Microbial Agents in Polyurethane and PVC Biodegradation
5.8 Bioremediation and Biotechnological Applications for Polyurethane and PVC Biodegradation
5.9 Addressing Environmental Concerns: Biodegradation of Polyurethane and PVC
5.10 Sustainable Degradation of Polyurethane Waste Through Microbial and Enzymatic Processes
5.11 Conclusion
References
6. Approaches to Degrading Polystyrene (PS) Using Diverse Microorganisms
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Polystyrene’s Persistent Nature
6.3 PS Degradation Studies
6.4 Analytical Method for Monitoring PS Degradation
6.4.1 Changes in Morphology Properties
6.4.2 Changes in Molar Mass and Weight Loss
6.4.3 Analyzing Functional Group Dynamics
6.4.4 Determination of Biogas Production
6.5 Free-Living Microorganism’s Diversity Mediating Plastic Biodegradation
6.6 Studies on PS Degradation Mediated by Microorganisms
6.7 Mechanism of Polystyrene Biodegradation
6.8 Conclusion
References
7. Diversified Analytical Methods Used to Analyze Plastic Biodegradation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microscopy Techniques
7.2.1 Optical Microscopy
7.2.2 Electron Microscopy
7.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
7.2.4 Raman and FTIR Microspectroscopy
7.3 Respirometric Methods
7.4 Spectroscopic Methods
7.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
7.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
7.4.3 X-Ray Diffraction
7.4.4 X-Ray Fluorescence
7.5 Thermal Methods
7.5.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
7.5.2 Differential Thermal Analysis
7.5.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis
7.6 Chromatographic Methods
7.7 Conclusions
References
8. Genetically Engineered Plastic Munching Microbes: Recent Advancements and Perspectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering
8.2.1 Genetic Engineering
8.2.2 Gene Editing Techniques
8.2.2.1 Homologous Recombination-Based Gene Editing
Lambda-Red System
Cre-loxP
FLP-FRT System
8.2.2.2 Nuclease-Based Technologies
Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
RNA-Guided Engineered Nucleases (RGENs) or CRISPR-Cas Systems
8.3 Metabolic Engineering of Enzymes
8.3.1 Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Synthetic Polymers
8.3.2 Hydroxylases (Alkane Hydroxylases)
8.3.3 Hydrolases
8.3.4 PETase and MHETase Systems
8.3.5 Ligninolytic Enzymes
8.3.6 Cutinases
8.4 Engineering of Metabolic Enzymes
8.4.1 PETase Engineering
8.4.2 MHETase Engineering
8.4.3 Modification of Cutinases
8.4.4 Engineered Lipases
8.4.5 Engineering of Chimeric Enzymes
8.4.6 PET46 Enzyme
8.5 Other Advanced Techniques Involved in Plastic Mulching
8.5.1 Bioinformatic Approach
8.5.1.1 Omics Tools
8.5.1.2 Genomics
8.5.1.3 Transcriptomics
8.5.1.4 Proteomics
8.5.1.5 Metabolomics
8.5.2 Nanotechnology
8.5.3 Molecular Modeling and Computational Technology or Chemistry
8.5.4 Synthetic Biology
8.6 Prospective Applications of GMO and Engineered Proteins
8.7 Limitation
8.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
9. Plastic Waste and Its Eco-Friendly Management
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Plastic Polymers
9.3 Bio-based Plastics
9.4 Fossil-Based Plastics
9.5 Polymer Blends
9.6 Most Commonly Used Plastic Polymers
9.6.1 Nylon
9.6.2 Polyethylene
9.6.3 Polystyrene
9.6.4 Polyester
9.6.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate
9.6.6 Polyurethane
9.6.7 Polyvinyl Chloride
9.7 Hazardous Effects of Plastic Waste
9.8 Traditional Methods for Plastic Degradation
9.8.1 Photodegradation
9.8.2 Thermooxidative Degradation
9.9 Eco-Friendly Management of Plastic Polymers
9.9.1 Biodegradation
9.9.2 Microbial Degradation of Plastics
9.9.2.1 Microbial Mechanisms for Plastic Biodegradation
9.9.3 Biodegradation of Plastic Polymers by Fungi
9.9.4 Algal Degradation of Plastic Polymers
9.10 Factors Affecting Plastic Biodegradation
9.10.1 Moisture
9.10.2 pH and Temperature
9.10.3 Enzyme Characteristics
9.10.4 Molecular Weight
9.10.5 Shape and Size
9.11 Current Trends and Future Perspectives
9.12 Conclusions
References
10. Microplastics Waste and Its Eco-Friendly Management
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 What Is Microplastic?
10.1.2 Microplastics Waste: A Global Environmental Issue
10.2 Sources of Microplastics Waste
10.2.1 Primary Microplastics
10.2.2 Secondary Microplastics
10.3 Impact of Microplastics Waste on Agriculture Sector
10.4 Impact of Microplastics Waste into Marine Waters
10.5 Microplastics Waste Impacts into Freshwater Environment
10.6 Fate and Transportation in Freshwater Ecosystems
10.6.1 Environmental Transportation
10.6.2 Environmental Sustainability and Deterioration
10.6.3 Interaction of Other Substances
10.7 Microplastics Waste in Environment
10.7.1 Microplastics Waste in Marine Ecosystem
10.7.2 Microplastics Waste in Mangrove Debris
10.8 Effects of Microplastics Waste in the Marine Ecosystem
10.8.1 Interaction with Marine Fauna
10.8.2 Microplastics in Fishes
10.9 Microplastics’ Impacts on Freshwater Environment
10.9.1 Take-Up and Biological Impacts
10.9.2 Impact of Sub-micrometer Plastics on Biological Systems
10.10 Eco-Friendly Sustainable Management of Microplastics Waste
10.10.1 Physical Approaches for Removing Microplastics
10.10.1.1 Modern Filtration Techniques to Remove Microplastics
10.10.1.2 Membrane-Based Technology for the Removal of Microplastics
10.10.1.3 Adsorption of Algae
10.10.2 Chemical Treatments of Microplastics
10.11 Other Management Methods for Pollution Caused by Microplastics Waste
10.12 Future Perspectives of Microplastics Waste
10.13 Controlling Measures of Microplastics Waste
10.14 Conclusion
References
11. Electronic Plastic (E-plastic) and Their Biodegradation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 E-plastic Waste Definition
11.3 E-plastic Waste as a Construction Material
11.4 Types of Electronic Plastics
11.4.1 Polycarbonate (PC)
11.4.2 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
11.4.3 Polyethylene (PE)
11.4.4 Polypropylene (PP)
11.4.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
11.4.6 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
11.5 Management of E-plastic Waste
11.6 Biodegradation Process of Electronic Plastics
11.7 Pyrolysis Procedure
11.8 Recycle of Electronic Plastic Waste
11.9 Biodegradation of Electronic Plastics
11.10 Current Challenges for Electronic Waste Elimination
11.11 Future Perspectives of Electronic Plastics
11.12 Conclusion
References
12. Microbial Consumption of Plastics: A Prospective Solution for Plastic Mitigation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of Plastics
12.2.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
12.3 Impact of Plastics on Environment
12.4 Impact of Microbes on Plastics
12.4.1 Methods Used to Evaluate the Degradability of Polymers
12.5 Conclusions
References
13. Microbial Biological Degradation of Polymers: Recent Trends
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biodegradable Polymers
13.3 Biopolymer Structure and Functions
13.4 Biological Degradation
13.5 Mechanism of Biodegradation
13.6 Enzymatic Degradation of Polymer
13.7 Factors Affecting Biodegradation
13.8 Future Prospects and Constraints
References
14. Plastic Polymers and Their Impact on the Environment: An Assessment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Plastic Waste and the Ecosystem
14.3 Global Plastic Trash Production
14.4 Mishandled Plastic Waste: Impacts on the Ecosystem
14.5 Biodegradation
14.5.1 Mechanisms of Biodegradable Technology
14.6 Biodegradable Plastics: Market Size and Trends
14.6.1 Market Trends by Industrial Application
14.6.2 Market Trends by Type
14.6.3 Market Trend by Sector
14.6.4 Market Trend by Region
14.6.5 Companies Driving Biodegradable Market
14.7 Government Policies for Handling of Plastic Polymers
14.7.1 Single-Use Plastic Bans
14.7.2 Extended Producer Responsibility
14.7.3 Taxes
14.7.4 Research and Development
14.7.5 Incentivization
14.7.6 Education and Awareness for Biodegradable Plastics
14.8 Impacts of Biodegradable Plastic on the Environment
14.9 Limitations
14.10 Conclusion
References
15. Current Status of Bioplastic Synthesis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Bioplastic: A Sustainable Approach
15.3 Importance of Bioplastics
15.4 Global Production Scope
15.5 Future Perspectives
References
16. Role of Microbial Enzymes and Their Modification for Plastic Biodegradation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Degradation of Plastic
16.3 Mechanism of Plastic Biodegradation
16.4 Microorganisms Involved in Plastic Degradation
16.4.1 Bacteria
16.4.2 Fungi
16.4.3 Actinomycetes
16.5 Steps Involved in Plastic Biodegradation
16.5.1 Biodeterioration
16.5.2 Biofragmentation
16.5.3 Assimilation
16.5.4 Mineralization
16.5.5 Microbial Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Plastic
16.6 Factors Affecting Microbial Biodegradation of Plastics
16.7 Challenges and Future Directions
16.8 Ways to Improve Biodegradation of Plastics
16.9 Modification of Microbial Enzymes for Plastic Biodegradation
16.9.1 Protein Engineering
16.9.1.1 Some of the Methods That Can Be Used for Protein Engineering
16.9.2 Genetic Engineering
16.9.3 Metabolic Engineering
16.9.4 Immobilization Techniques
16.9.5 Synthetic Biology Approaches
16.10 Applications and Implications of Microbial Enzymes in Plastic Biodegradation
16.11 Implications of Microbial Enzymes in Plastic Biodegradation
16.12 Challenges and Future Directions
16.13 Conclusion
References
17. Plastonomics: Impact of Plastic on Ecosystem and the World Economy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Present Scenario for Plastic Consumption
17.3 Varying Applications of Plastic
17.4 Poor Plastic Waste Disposal
17.5 Plastic-Generated Pollution
17.6 Approaches to Curb Plastic Pollution: Adaptation and Mitigation Practices
17.7 The Circular Economy
17.8 Future Outlooks for Plastic Consumption Worldwide
17.9 Conclusion
References