Biocidal polymers

✍ Scribed by Chauhan N.P.S. (ed.)

• Publisher: Smithers Rapra Technology
• Year: 2016
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 389
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Biocidal polymers are able to inhibit or kill microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoans. The advantages of antimicrobial polymers over conventional antimicrobial agents include their non-volatility, chemical stability, non-toxicity (difficult to permeate through the skin of animals), ability to prolong product life, increased efficiency and selectivity while minimising their environmental impact. Currently, there is an urgent requirement to develop a synthetic strategy involving different kinds of polymers whose potency against specific microorganisms is accompanied by less hazardous effects.
The main objective of this book is to provide detailed information on the synthesis, and mechanistic and technological aspects of synthetic and natural antimicrobial polymers including: cationic, amphiphilic, biomimetic, biodegradable chitin, chitosan, cellulose, pectin and so on, along with their chemical modification to produce polylactic acid- and polyethylene glycol-based copolymers, conducting polymers, antimicrobial plastics and rubber, functionalised antimicrobial polymers, polymer-metal nanocomposites, N-halamine-based polymers, peptides and so on. Methods of synthesising antimicrobial polymers, chemical modification, in addition to factors affecting their antimicrobial activities and major fields of applications are comprehensively described. Physico-chemical methods (nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-Transform infrared, confocal microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) are especially important in the study of the structure and other desired properties of monomers and polymers. Antimicrobial screening using diffusion and dilution methods, against several bacteria, fungi and protozoan, are also included.
This pioneering book is intended to be of general interest to microbiologists, biotechnologists, medical doctors, organic chemists, pharmacists, polymer scientists, food scientists and technologists. This book also offers a balanced, interesting and innovative perspective which is applicable to both academics and industry.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Biocidal polymers
Copyright
Preface
Contributors
Contents
1. Cationic Antimicrobial Polymers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Naturally Derived Cationic Polymers
1.2.1 Chitosan
1.2.2 Gelatin
1.2.3 Cationic Dextran
1.2.4 Cationic Cellulose
1.3 Synthetic Cationic Polymers
1.3.1 Poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate]
1.3.1.1 Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains to Poly[2-(Dimethylaminoethyl)Methacrylate]
1.3.1.2 Effect of Poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate] on Planktonic and Biofilm Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Cultures
1.3.1.3 Role of Surface Charge in the Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to Cationic Antimicrobial Agents
1.3.1.4 Role of Surface Hydrophobicity in the Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to Poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate]
1.3.1.5 Binding of Poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate] to Bacteria
1.3.2 Antimicrobial Cationic Polyethylenimines
1.3.3 Antimicrobial Polymethacrylamide Derivatives
1.3.3.1 Synthesis of Homopolymers and Copolymers
1.3.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
1.3.3.3 Haemolysis
1.3.4 Biocidal Activity of Polystyrenes
1.3.5 Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Derived from Polyhydroxyalkanoates
1.3.6 Cationic Polysiloxane Biocides
1.3.6.1 Synthesis of Biocidal Polycationic Polysiloxane with N,N′- dialkylimidazolium Groups
1.3.6.2. Synthesis and Antibacterial Properties of Polysiloxanes-bearing Quaternary Ammonium Salt Groups
1.3.7 Cationic Polyarylene Ethynylene Conjugated Polyelectrolytes
1.3.7.1 PhotophysicalProperties
1.3.7.2 Microsphere-based Biocidal Activity Studies
1.3.7.3 Biocidal Activity of Poly[trialkyl-3-(and 4-)vinylbenzylammonium chloride] in Solution
1.3.7.4 Fluorescence Studies of 4-octylstyrene and Poly[trialkyl-3-(and 4-) vinylbenzylammonium chloride] with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain PAO1
1.3.7.5 Influence of Negatively Charged Phospholipids
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Antibacterial Activity of Amphiphilic Polymers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis of Amphiphilic Polymers
2.2.1 Synthesis of Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polymers
2.2.2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation
2.2.2.1 Synthesis of Macroinitiators
2.2.2.2 Synthesis of Block Copolymers
2.2.3 Microwave-assisted Synthesis
2.2.3.1 Synthesis of Amphiphilic Derivatives of Chitosan
2.2.4 Solid-phase Synthesis of Glutamate Decarboxylase-1 and Glutamate Decarboxylase-2 Peptides
2.2.5 Surface Modification
2.2.5.1 Plasma Treatment
2.2.5.2 Grafting by Polyacrylic Acid
2.3 Biological Activity of Amphiphilic Polymers
2.3.1 Peptides
2.3.2 Hyperbranched Polymers and Cationic Polymers
2.3.3 Antimicrobial Activities of Biodegradable Amphiphilic Polymers
2.3.4 Carbohydrate-derived Amphiphilic Macromolecules
2.3.5 pH-sensitive Polymers
2.3.6 Polyethylene
2.3.7 Neomycin B-based Bilipids
2.4 Conclusions
Reference
3. Design of Biomimetic Antimicrobial Polymers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Polymers
3.3 Design and Synthesis of Methacrylate-based Copolymers
3.4 Design and Synthesis of Polyphenylene Ethylene Polymers
3.5 Design and Synthesis of Polynorbonene-based Polymers
3.5.1 Copolymer Synthesis
3.6 Design and Synthesis of Facially Amphiphilic Arylamide Polymers
3.6.1 Synthesis of an Arylamide Framework
3.7 Design and Synthesis of Massive Polymers
3.7.1 Synthesis of Nanostructures of Biomimetic Polymers
3.7.2 Flexible Sequence-random Polymers
3.7.3 Synthesis of β-peptides
3.8 Conclusion
References
4. Polymer–metal Nanocomposites with Antimicrobial Activity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of Polymer–metal Nanocomposites
4.3 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Polymer–metal Nanocomposites
4.4 Polymer–silver Nanocomposites
4.4.1 Swelling Performance
4.4.2 Polymer–gold Nanocomposites
4.5 Polymer–platinum Nanocomposites
4.6 Polymer–copper Nanocomposites
4.7 Polymer–titania Nanocomposites
4.8 Polymer–zinc Oxide Nanocomposites
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. Biocidal Activity of Biodegradable Polymers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biodegradable Chitin and Chitosan Polymer Material
5.2.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitin
5.2.2 Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan
5.3 Facile Synthesis and Importance of Biopol [Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate]
5.4 Antibacterial Importance of a Biodegradable Polypyrrole/Dextrin Conductive Nanocomposite
5.5 Antibacterial Biodegradable Polymer–nanocomposite
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Polylactic Acid and Polyethylene Glycol as Antimicrobial Agents
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Polylactic Acid and Polyethylene Glycol
6.2.1 Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)
6.2.2 Polylactic Acid
6.2.3 Poly(D,L-lactide)-Polyethylene Glycol-Poly(D,L-lactide)
6.2.4 Polyethylene Glycol-Poly(D,L-lactide)
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. Conducting Polymers which have Antimicrobial Activity
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Conducting Polymers
7.2.1 Polyaniline
7.2.2 Polypyrrole
7.2.3 Polythiophene
7.2.4 Polyacetylene
7.3 Conclusion
References
8. Antimicrobial Activities of Plastics and Elastomers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Polymeric Biocides
8.2.1 Polymers with Silver Ion-exchanged Zeolites
8.2.2 Antimicrobial Fibres
8.2.3 Polymer–nanosilver for Coating Applications
8.3 Polyurethane-based Materials as Antimicrobial Agents
8.4 Plastics as Antimicrobial Agents
8.4.1 Plastics as Antifouling Agents
8.5 Antimicrobial Testing Methods for Plastics and Elastomers
8.5.1 Shake-flask Method
8.5.2 Agar Diffusion Method
8.5.3 Parallel Streak Method
8.5.4 Zone of Inhibition Method
8.5.5 Antifungal Activity using the Powder Test
8.5.6 Biodegradation Test
8.5.7 Broth Microdilution Method
References
9. Functionalised Antimicrobial Polymers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Quaternary Pyridinium-functionalised Polynorbornenes
9.3 Functionalised Antimicrobial Polyethylene Surfaces
9.3.1 Preparation of Antimicrobial Linear Low-density Polyethylene Compounds
9.3.2 Antimicrobial Properties
9.3.3 Biofilm Formation
9.4 Functionalised Antimicrobial Polymers Based on Poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) Derivatives
9.4.1 Synthesis of Modified Poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) Polymer
9.4.2 Modification of Poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) with Ethylene Diamine
9.4.3 Modification of the Modified Poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) with Aromatic Aldehyde Derivatives
9.4.4 Modification of the Amine Modified Poly(hydroxystyrene-co methyl Methacrylate) (I) with Various Hydroxy Aromatic Esters
9.4.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) and its Derivatives
9.5. p-chloroacetophenone Oxime-based Polymers Exhibit Biological Activity
9.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity
9.6 Hydroxyquinoline-based Polymers
9.6.1 Antimicrobial Activities
9.7 Antifouling Copolymer Brushes Based on 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) Ethyl Methacrylate and Hydroxyl-terminated Oligoethylene Glycol Methacrylate
9.8 N-halamine Acrylamide Monomer and its Copolymers for Antimicrobial Coating
9.8.1 Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydantoin Acrylamide
9.8.2 Synthesis and Characterisation of Copolymers
9.8.3 Stability of Poly(hydantoin acrylamide siloxane) after Washing and Ultraviolet Light Irradiation
9.8.4 Antimicrobial Efficacies
9.9 Conclusion
References
10. Antimicrobial Activities of N-halamine based Polymers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Structure of N-halamine
10.3 N-halamine as an Antimicrobial and Biofilm-controlling Additive for Polymers
10.4 N-halamine-based Antibacterial Coatings
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Antimicrobial Testing Methods
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Culture Media
11.2.1 Components of Media
11.2.2 Role of Substances Added to the Media
11.2.3 Types of Media
11.3 Methods of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
11.3.1 Diffusion
11.3.1.1 Disc Diffusion Test
11.3.1.2 Agar Well Diffusion Method
11.3.2 Dilution Methods
11.3.2.1 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
11.3.2.2 Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations
11.3.2.3 Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations
11.3.2.4 Microbroth Dilution Test
11.3.2.5 Agar Dilution Method
11.3.3 Diffusion and Dilution
11.3.3.1 E-Test method
11.3.4 Poison Food Technique
11.3.4.1 Inoculum Disc
11.3.4.2 Method
11.4 Antimicrobial Properties of Polymers
11.4.1 Antibacterial Activity of Polyaniline/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Silver
11.4.2 Antifungal Activity of Polyaniline and Polyaniline-doped with Fluconazole
11.4.3 Antibacterial Activity of Wood Flour/Polyvinyl Chloride Composites
11.4.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Hydrogels
11.5 Standards Selected for the Antimicrobial Testing of Materials
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Biocidal Polymers: Future Perspective
Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan
Concluding Remarks
Abbreviations
Index
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