Biocidal Polymers

✍ Scribed by Chauhan N.P.S. (ed.)

• Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 359
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Biocidal polymers are designed to inhibit or kill microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoans. This book summarizes recent findings in the synthesis, modification and characterization of various antimicrobial polymers ranging from plastics and elastomers to biomimetic and biodegradable polymers. Modifications with different antimicrobial agents as well as antimicrobial testing methods are described in a comprehensive manner.
- Synthesis, modification and physicochemical characterization of antimicrobial polymers.
- Biocidal, biodegradable, biomimetic and conducting polymers.
- Antimicrobial screening and testing.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Biocidal Polymers
Copyright
Preface
Contents
List of contributing authors
About the Editor
1. Cationic antimicrobial polymers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Naturally derived cationic polymers
1.2.1 Chitosan
1.2.2 Gelatin
1.2.3 Cationic dextran
1.2.4 Cationic cellulose
1.3 Synthetic cationic polymers
1.3.1 Poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate]
1.3.1.1 Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains to poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate]
1.3.1.2 Effect of poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate] on Planktonic and Biofilm Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis cultures
1.3.1.3 Role of surface charge in the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to cationic antimicrobial agents
1.3.1.4 Role of surface hydrophobicity in the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate]
1.3.1.5 Binding of poly[2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate] to bacteria
1.3.2 Antimicrobial cationic polyethylenimines
1.3.3 Antimicrobial polymethacrylamide derivatives
1.3.3.1 Synthesis of homopolymers and copolymers
1.3.3.2 Antimicrobial activity
1.3.3.3 Haemolysis
1.3.4 Biocidal activity of Polystyrenes
1.3.5 Cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from Polyhydroxyalkanoates
1.3.6 Cationic Polysiloxane biocides
1.3.6.1 Synthesis of biocidal polycationic polysiloxane with N,N′-dialkylimidazolium groups
1.3.6.2 Synthesis and antibacterial properties of polysiloxanes-bearing quaternary ammonium salt groups
1.3.7 Cationic Polyarylene Ethynylene Conjugated Polyelectrolytes
1.3.7.1 Photophysical Properties
1.3.7.2 Microsphere-based biocidal activity studies
1.3.7.3 Biocidal activity of poly[trialkyl-3-(and 4-)vinylbenzylammonium chloride] in solution
1.3.7.4 Fluorescence studies of 4-octylstyrene and poly[trialkyl-3-(and 4-) vinylbenzylammonium chloride] with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain PAO1
1.3.7.5 Influence of negatively charged phospholipids
1.3.8 Cationic polymers based on imoidazolium units
Conclusion
References
2. Antibacterial activity of amphiphilic polymers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis of amphiphilic polymers
2.2.1 Synthesis of amphiphilic hyperbranched polymers
2.2.2 Atom transfer radical polymerisation
2.2.2.1 Synthesis of macroinitiators
2.2.2.2 Synthesis of block copolymers
2.2.3 Microwave-assisted synthesis
2.2.3.1 Synthesis of amphiphilic derivatives of chitosan
2.2.4 Solid-phase synthesis of glutamate decarboxylase-1 and glutamate
2.2.5 Surface modification
2.2.6 Plasma treatment
2.2.7 Grafting by polyacrylic acid
2.3 Biological activity of amphiphilic polymers
2.3.1 Peptides
2.3.2 Hyperbranched polymers and cationic polymers
2.3.3 Antimicrobial activities of biodegradable amphiphilic polymers
2.3.4 Carbohydrate-derived amphiphilic macromolecules
2.3.5 pH-sensitive polymers
2.3.6 Polyethylene
2.3.7 Neomycin B-based bilipids
2.4 Conclusions
References
3. Design of biomimetic antimicrobial polymers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanisms of antimicrobial polymers
3.3 Design and synthesis of methacrylate-based copolymers
3.4 Design and synthesis of polyphenylene ethylene polymers
3.5 Design and synthesis of polynorbonene-based polymers
3.5.1 Copolymer synthesis
3.6 Design and synthesis of facially amphiphilic arylamide polymers
3.6.1 Synthesis of an arylamide framework
3.7 Design and synthesis of massive polymers
3.7.1 Synthesis of nanostructures of biomimetic polymers
3.7.2 Flexible sequence-random polymers
3.7.3 Synthesis of β-peptides
3.8 Conclusion
References
4. Polymer–metal nanocomposites with antimicrobial activity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of polymer–metal nanocomposites
4.3 Mechanisms of antimicrobial polymer–metal nanocomposites
4.4 Polymer–silver nanocomposites
4.4.1 Swelling performance
4.4.2 Polymer–gold nanocomposites
4.5 Polymer–platinum nanocomposites
4.6 Polymer–copper nanocomposites
4.7 Polymer–titania nanocomposites
4.8 Polymer–zinc oxide nanocomposites
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. Biocidal activity of biodegradable polymers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biodegradable chitin and chitosan polymer material
5.2.1 Antimicrobial activity of chitin
5.2.2 Antioxidant properties of chitosan
5.3 Facile synthesis and importance of Biopol [Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate]
5.4 Antibacterial importance of a biodegradable polypyrrole/dextrin conductive nanocomposite
5.5 Antibacterial biodegradable polymer–nanocomposite
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Polylactic acid and polyethylene glycol as antimicrobial agents
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Antimicrobial activity of polylactic acid and polyethylene glycol
6.2.1 Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)
6.2.2 Polylactic acid
6.2.3 Poly(d,l-lactide)-polyethylene glycol-poly(d,l-lactide)
6.2.4 Polyethylene glycol-poly(d,l-lactide)
6.3 Conclusion
References
7. Conducting polymers with antimicrobial activity
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Antimicrobial activity of conducting polymers
7.2.1 Polyaniline
7.2.2 Polypyrrole
7.2.3 Polythiophene
7.2.4 Polyacetylene
7.3 Conclusion
References
8. Antimicrobial activities of plastics and elastomers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Polymeric biocides
8.2.1 Polymers with silver ion-exchanged zeolites
8.2.2 Antimicrobial fibres
8.2.3 Polymer–nanosilver for coating applications
8.3 Polyurethane-based materials as antimicrobial agents
8.4 Plastics as antimicrobial agents
8.4.1 Plastics as antifouling agents
8.5 Antimicrobial testing methods for plastics and elastomers
8.5.1 Shake-flask method
8.5.2 Agar diffusion method
8.5.3 Parallel streak method
8.5.4 Zone of inhibition method
8.5.5 Antifungal activity using the powder test
8.5.6 Biodegradation test
8.5.7 Broth microdilution method
References
9. Functionalised antimicrobial polymers
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Basic requirements for antimicrobial polymers
9.1.2 Mechanism of action and factors of activity
9.1.3 Factors affecting antimicrobial activity
9.1.3.1 Effect of molecular weight
9.1.3.2 Effect of counterions
9.1.3.3 Effect of spacer length and alkyl chain
9.1.3.4 Preparation of antimicrobial polymer
9.2 Quaternary pyridinium-functionalised polynorbornenes
9.3 Functionalised antimicrobial polyethylene surfaces
9.3.1 Preparation of antimicrobial linear low-density polyethylene compounds
9.3.2 Antimicrobial properties
9.3.3 Biofilm formation
9.4 Functionalised antimicrobial polymers based on poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) derivatives
9.4.1 Synthesis of modified poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) polymers
9.4.2 Modification of poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) with ethylene diamine
9.4.3 Modification of the modified poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) with aromatic aldehyde derivatives
9.4.4 Modification of the amine modified poly(hydroxystyrene co-methyl methacrylate) (I) with various hydroxy aromatic esters
9.4.5 Antimicrobial activity of poly(hydroxystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate) and its derivatives
9.5 p-chloroacetophenone oxime-based polymers exhibit biological activity
9.5.1 Antimicrobial activity
9.6 Hydroxyquinoline-based polymers
9.6.1 Antimicrobial activities
9.7 Antifouling copolymer brushes based on 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate and hydroxyl-terminated oligoethylene glycol methacrylate
9.8 N-halamine acrylamide monomer and its copolymers for antimicrobial coatings
9.8.1 Synthesis and characterisation of hydantoin acrylamide
9.8.2 Synthesis and characterisation of copolymers
9.8.3 Stability of poly(hydantoin acrylamide siloxane) after washing and ultraviolet light irradiation
9.8.4 Antimicrobial efficacies
9.9 Conclusion
References
10. Antimicrobial activities of N-halamine based polymers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Structure of N-halamine
10.3 N-halamine as an antimicrobial and biofilm-controlling additive for polymers
10.4 N-halamine-based antibacterial coatings
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Antimicrobial testing methods
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Culture media
11.2.1 Components of media
11.2.2 Role of substances added to the media
11.2.3 Types of media
11.3 Methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing
11.3.1 Diffusion
11.3.1.1 Disc diffusion test
11.3.1.2 Agar well diffusion method
11.3.2 Dilution methods
11.3.2.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration
11.3.2.2 Minimum bactericidal concentrations
11.3.2.3 Minimum fungicidal concentrations
11.3.2.4 Microbroth dilution test
11.3.2.5 Agar dilution method
11.3.3 Diffusion and dilution
11.3.3.1 E-test method
11.3.4 Poison food technique
11.3.4.1 Inoculum disc
11.3.4.2 Method
11.4 Antimicrobial properties of polymers
11.4.1 Antibacterial activity of polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol/ silver
11.4.2 Antifungal activity of polyaniline and polyaniline-doped with fluconazole
11.4.3 Antibacterial activity of wood flour/polyvinyl chloride composite
11.4.4 Antimicrobial activity of hydrogels
11.5 Standards selected for the antimicrobial testing of materials
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Antimicrobial peptides
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Cationic antimicrobial peptides
12.3 Anionic antimicrobial peptides
12.4 Land and water proficient antimicrobial peptides
12.5 Sane system and gathering of an antimicrobial peptide theme
12.6 Ultrashort cationic antimicrobial peptides
12.7 Lipopeptides
12.7.1 Affirmed and economically open lipopeptides
12.8 Chief classes of AMPs
12.8.1 Classification
12.8.2 Antiviral peptides
12.8.3 Dynamic antibacterial peptides
12.8.4 Antifungal peptides
12.8.5 Antiparasitic peptides
12.9 Component of endeavour
12.10 Summary and conclusion
References
13. Biocidal polymers: Future perspective
13.1 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
Index