Considerable amounts of coal combustion products (CCPs) are generated when coal is burned for generation of electricity. To meet Clean Air standards, large amounts of S must not be emitted into the atmosphere, which means considerable amounts of ¯ue gas desulfurization products (FGDs) are and will be produced. Bene®cial uses of FGDs are continually being sought to reduce waste, decrease cost of disposal, and provide value-added products. Bene®cial agricultural uses of FGDs include application as amendment to acidic soil to mitigate low pH problems (Al and Mn toxicities); provide plant nutrients (i.e. Ca, S, and Mg); improve soil physical properties (e.g. water in®ltration and soil aggregation); help alleviate soil compaction and improve aggregate stability of sodic soils; and inactivate P under high P-soil conditions to reduce P runoff. Co-utilization of FGDs with organic materials (manures, composts, biosolids) should also provide many bene®ts when used on land. Constraints for use of FGDs on agricultural land could be both insuf®cient or excessive amounts of CaCO 3 , CaO, and/or Ca(OH) 2 in raising soil pH insuf®ciently or too much; excessive Ca to cause imbalanced Mg, P, and K in soils/plants; Ca displacement of Al from soil exchange sites to induce Al toxicity in plants; high B to induce B toxicity in plants; excessive sul®te which is toxic to plants; and excessive amounts of undesirable trace elements (e.g. As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Se) which could potentially contaminate water and pose toxicity to plants/ animals/microorganisms. Most constraints should not impose problems for FGD use on land.