Basic Laboratory Calculations for Biotechnology

✍ Scribed by Lisa A. Seidman

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 579
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

To succeed in the lab, it is crucial to be comfortable with the math calculations that are part of everyday work. This accessible introduction to common laboratory techniques focuses on the basics, helping even readers with good math skills to practice the most frequently encountered types of problems.

Basic Laboratory Calculations for Biotechnology, Second Edition discusses very common laboratory problems, all applied to real situations. It explores multiple strategies for solving problems for a better understanding of the underlying math. Primarily organized around laboratory applications, the book begins with more general topics and moves into more specific biotechnology laboratory techniques at the end.

This book features hundreds of practice problems, all with solutions and many with boxed, complete explanations; plus hundreds of "story problems" relating to real situations in the lab. Additional features include:

• Discusses common laboratory problems with all material applied to real situations

• Presents multiple strategies for solving problems help students to better understand the underlying math

• Provides hundreds of practice problems and their solutions

• Enables students to complete the material in a self-paced course structure with little teacher assistance

• Includes hundreds of "story problems"that relate to real situations encountered in the laboratory

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Glossary
Introduction
UNIT I — Brief Review of Some Basic Math Techniques
Chapter 1 Exponents and Scientific Notation
1.1 Exponents
1.2 Exponents Where the Base Is 10
1.3 Scientific Notation
1.4 More about Scientific Notation
1.5 Calculations with Scientific Notation
Chapter 2 Logarithms
2.1 Common Logarithms
2.2 Antilogarithms
2.3 Natural Logarithms
2.4 Why Do We Care about This? An Application of Logarithms: pH
2.5 Why Do We Care about This? Other Applications of Logarithms
Chapter 3 Units of Measurement
3.1 The Meaning of “Measurement”
3.2 Units of Measurement
3.3 Converting from One Metric Unit to Another Metric Unit
3.4 Sizes of Biological Molecules
3.5 Metric Prefixes for Large Numbers
Chapter 4 Measurements and Significant Figures
4.1 Measurement Uncertainty and Significant Figures
4.2 Indicating Whether Zeros Are Significant
4.3 Calculations and Significant Figures
Chapter 5 Using Equations to Describe a Relationship
5.1 Introduction to Equations
5.2 Units and Mathematical Operations
5.3 Why Do We Care About This?
UNIT II — Applications of Proportional Relationships
Chapter 6 Ratios and Proportions
6.1 Ratios
6.2 Proportions
Chapter 7 Unit Conversions
7.1 Overview
7.2 Proportion Method of Unit Conversion
7.3 Unit Canceling Method of Unit Conversion
7.4 Comparing Proportions and the Unit Canceling Methods of Unit Conversions
7.5 Word Problems Requiring Multiple Steps
Chapter 8 Density
8.1 Density is Another Type of Ratio
Chapter 9 Dosages
9.1 Calculations of Dosage
Chapter 10 Percents
10.1 Basic Manipulations Involving Percents
10.2 An Application of Percents: Vaccine Effectiveness
10.3 An Application of Percents: Percent Error
10.4 Percent Increase and Percent Decrease
10.5 Percents and Log Reduction Values
Chapter 11 Introduction to Concentration Problems
11.1 Concentration Is a Ratio
11.2 Amount and Concentration Are not Synonyms
11.3 Preparing a Solution with the Right Concentration of Solute
11.4 Solutions with the Same Concentration of Solute
11.5 How Much Solute Is in a Solution?
11.6 The Term “Parts”
11.7 Finding the Math: The Concept of Cell Concentration (Density)
Chapter 12 Preparing Aqueous, Biological Solutions That Contain One Solute
12.1 Preparing Biological Solutions
12.2 Method 1: Concentration Expressed as a “Weight/Volume” Ratio
12.3 Method 2: Concentration Expressed as a Percent
12.3.1 Type I: Weight per Volume Percent
12.3.2 Type II: Volume Percent
12.3.3 Type III: Weight Percent
12.4 Method 3: Concentration Expressed Using the Word “Parts”
12.4.1 Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
12.4.2 Conversions between PPM/PPB and Other Expressions
12.5 Method 4: Concentration Expressed in Terms of Molarity
12.6 Variations on a Theme: Millimolar and Micromolar Solutions
12.7 Variations on a Theme: Hydrates
12.8 Variations on a Theme: Converting between Different Concentration Expressions
12.9 Variations on a Theme: Reagents That Are Not Pure
Chapter 13 Preparing Laboratory Solutions That Contain More Than One Solute
13.1 The C[sub(1)] V[sub(1)] = C[sub(2)] V[sub(2)] Equation
13.2 Introduction to Solutions with More Than One Component
13.3 Example 1: SM Buffer
13.3.1 Strategy 1: Preparing SM Buffer without Stock Solutions
13.3.2 Strategy 2: Preparing SM Buffer with Stock Solutions
13.4 Example 2: TE Buffer
Chapter 14 Dilutions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Introduction to Dilution Terminology
14.3 Dilution Expressed as a Fraction
14.4 Dilutions and Proportional Relationships
14.5 Calculations for Preparing a Dilution with a Particular Dilution and a Particular Volume
14.6 Calculating the Concentration of Solute after Diluting a Stock Solution
14.7 Calculating the Concentration in a Stock Solution If You Know the Concentration in the Diluted Solution
14.8 Dilution Series
14.9 Planning a Dilution Series
14.10 Summary
UNIT III — Describing Relationships with Equations and Graphs
Chapter 15 Graphing Linear Equations
15.1 Brief Review of the Basic Techniques of Graphing
15.2 Graphing Straight Lines
15.3 An Application of Graphing: Standard Curves and Quantitative Analysis
15.4 Using Graphs to Display the Results of an Experiment
15.5 A Statistical Method to Calculate the Line of Best Fit
15.5.1 Calculating the Line of Best Fit
Chapter 16 Spectrophotometry
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Transmittance and Absorbance Measurements in a Spectrophotometer
16.3 Standard Curves and Spectrophotometry
16.4 The Equation for the Calibration Line: Beer’s Law
16.5 Calculating the Absorptivity Constant
16.6 Quantitative Analysis of a Sample
16.7 Introduction to ELISAs
16.7.1 Finding the Math
Chapter 17 Graphing Exponential Equations
17.1 Exponential Relationships: Growth of Cell Populations
17.2 Semilogarithmic Plots
17.3 Limits to Growth
17.4 Determining Generation Time
17.5 The Decay of Radioisotopes
17.6 Case Study: The Concept of “Half-Life” Has Broader Applicability
Questions
Answers
UNIT IV — Introduction to Descriptive Statistics Chapter
18 Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency
18.1 Introduction and Terminology
18.2 Measures of Central Tendency
18.2.1 The Mean or Average
18.2.2 The Median or Middle
18.2.3 The Mode or Most Common
Chapter 19 Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Dispersion
19.1 Calculating the Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
19.2 Distinguishing between the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Population and a Sample
19.3 The Coefficient of Variation (Relative Standard Deviation)
19.4 Application: Using Measures of Dispersion to Describe Variability
19.5 More about Variability
Chapter 20 Statistics and Graphical Methods of Describing Data
20.1 Using Bar Graphs to Represent Data
20.2 Thinking about Variability in Experimental Work
20.3 Describing Data: Frequency Distributions and Graphical Methods
20.4 The Normal Frequency Distribution
20.5 The Relationship between Normal Distribution and Standard Deviation
20.6 Statistics and Controlling Product Quality
20.7 Control Charts
UNIT V — Biotechnology Applications Chapter
21 Common Calculations Relating to Animal Cell Culture Techniques
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Simple Cell Splits
21.3 The Concept of Cell Density
21.4 Using a Hemocytometer
21.5 Splitting Cells and Seeding Plates at Specific Cell Densities
21.6 Finding the Math: Following a Written Cell Culture Procedure
Chapter 22 Amount and Concentration of Nucleic Acids
22.1 Introduction and Brief Review of Nucleic Acid Structure
22.2 Reaction Mixtures
22.3 Amount and Concentration
22.4 Units of “Bases”
22.5 Grams, Milligrams, Micrograms, Nanograms, and Picograms
22.6 Moles, Millimoles, Micromoles, Nanomoles, and Picomoles
22.7 Concentration Expressed as a Fraction
22.8 Molar Concentrations
22.9 Units of Daltons
22.10 The Molecular Weights of Oligonucleotides
22.11 The Molecular Weight of DNA Based on Fragment Lengths
22.12 Spectrophotometric Analysis of DNA, RNA and Proteins
22.13 Finding the Math: Setting Up Reaction Mixtures
Chapter 23 Calculations Relating to Common Molecular Biology Techniques
23.1 Restriction Digests
23.2 Setting Up Restriction Digests
23.3 Electrophoresis
23.4 Analysis of the Size of Fragments in an Agarose Gel
23.5 Determining How Much DNA to Load onto an Agarose Gel
23.6 Variation on a Theme: Deciding How Much Protein to Load on a Polyacrylamide Gel
23.7 Quantitation of DNA Using Gel Electrophoresis
23.8 Transformation Efficiency
Chapter 24 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
24.1 Introduction to PCR
24.2 Conventional, Endpoint PCR
24.3 PCR Is an Enzymatic Reaction
24.4 Setting Up a PCR Amplic fi ation: Overview
24.5 Reaction Buffer
24.6 Primers
24.7 Nucleotides
24.8 Enzyme
24.9 Template
Chapter 25 Quantitative PCR
25.1 What Does It Mean That PCR Amplification Is Exponential?
25.2 PCR and Efficiency
25.3 qPCR
25.4 Preparing a Standard Curve for PCR
25.5 Using the Standard Curve to Determine Efficiency
25.6 Finding The Math: Case Study, Gnomegen COVID-19 qPCR Detection Kit
25.6.1 Background
25.6.2 Limit of Detection and Gnomegen Data
Additional References
Chapter 26 Calculations Relating to Protein Purification and Analysis
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Determining Protein Concentration by UV Spectrophotometry
26.3 Spectrophotometric Colorimetric Assays of Total Protein
26.4 Assays for Specific Proteins
26.5 An Example of a Specific Enzyme Assay: The 𝝱 -Galactosidase Assay
26.6 Specific Activity
26.7 Calculations of Purification Factor and Yield
26.8 Summarizing the Results of a Purification Procedure
26.9 Footnote: The 𝝱-Galactosidase Equation
Index