Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an important angiogenic factor produced by hearts subjected to ischemia. However, the direct effects of bFGF on myocardial cells are unknown. Primary cultured cardiac myocytes from neonatal rats were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inducer of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in the presence or the absence of bFGF. LPS induced the expression of iNOS in cardiac myocytes, demonstrated at both mRNA and protein levels. We showed that LPS activated the apoptotic pathway, evidenced by TUNEL staining, DNA ladder formation, and morphologic features. LPS‐induced apoptosis was blocked by the administration of L‐NAME, an inhibitor of NOS. This indicates that LPS induces apoptosis via an iNOS‐dependent pathway. Administration of bFGF completely inhibited myocardial cell apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide or acidic medium as well as LPS. To determine signaling pathways for this inhibitory effect, we utilized PD098059, an MEK‐1‐specific inhibitor. PD098059 blocked bFGF‐induced activation of ERK (extracellularly responsive kinase)‐1/2 and neutralized the apoptotic inhibitory effect of bFGF. These findings demonstrate that LPS induces myocardial cell apoptosis in an iNOS‐dependent manner. The results also suggest that bFGF is a protective factor against myocardial cell apoptosis and that this protection requires the MEK‐1‐ERK pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 190: 54–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.