Applied Reliability, Usability, and Quality for Engineers

✍ Scribed by B.S. Dhillon

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 250
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Global competition is forcing reliability and other professionals to work closely during the product design and manufacturing phase. Because of this collaboration, reliability, usability, and quality principles are being applied across many diverse sectors of the economy. This book offers the principles, methods, and procedures for these areas in one resource.

This book brings together the areas of reliability, usability, and quality for those working in diverse areas to allow them to be exposed to activities that can help them perform their tasks more effectively. This is the only book that covers these areas together in this manner and written in such a way that no previous knowledge is required to understand it. The sources of the material presented are included in the reference section at the end of each chapter along with examples and solutions to test reader comprehension.

Applied Reliability, Usability, and Quality for Engineers is useful to design, manufacturing, and systems engineers, as well as manufacturing managers, reliability, usability and, quality specialists. It can also be helpful to graduate, senior undergraduate students, and instructors.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Author Biography
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Reliability, Usability, and Quality History
1.2. Need of Reliability, Usability, and Quality in Product Design
1.3. Terms and Definitions
1.4. Useful Sources for Obtaining Information on Reliability, Usability, and Quality
1.4.1. Journals and Magazines
1.4.2. Conference Proceedings
1.4.3. Books
1.4.4. Standards
1.4.5. Data Sources
1.5. Scope of the Book
1.6. Problems
References
Chapter 2: Basic Mathematical Concepts
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Arithmetic Mean, Mean Deviation, and Standard Deviation
2.2.1. Arithmetic Mean
2.2.2. Mean Deviation
2.2.3. Standard Deviation
2.3. Boolean Algebra Laws
2.4. Probability Definition and Properties
2.5. Mathematical Definitions
2.5.1. Cumulative Distribution Function
2.5.2. Probability Density Function
2.5.3. Expected Value
2.5.4. Laplace Transform
2.5.5. Laplace Transform: Final-Value Theorem
2.6. Probability Distributions
2.6.1. Binomial Distribution
2.6.2. Exponential Distribution
2.6.3. Rayleigh Distribution
2.6.4. Weibull Distribution
2.6.5. Normal Distribution
2.6.6. Bathtub Hazard Rate Curve Distribution
2.7. Solving First-Order Differential Equations Using Laplace Transforms
2.8. Problems
References
Chapter 3: Reliability Basics, Human Factors Basics for Usability, and Quality Basics
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Bathtub Hazard Rate Concept
3.3. General Reliability Analysis Associated Formulas
3.3.1. Failure (or Probability) Density Function
3.3.2. Hazard Rate Function
3.3.3. General Reliability Function
3.3.4. Mean Time to Failure
3.4. Reliability Networks
3.4.1. Series Network
3.4.2. Parallel Network
3.4.3. k-out-of-n Network
3.4.4. Standby System
3.4.5. Bridge Network
3.5. Human Factors Basics for Usability
3.5.1. Comparison of Humans’ and Machines’ Capabilities and Limitations
3.5.2. Typical Human Behaviours
3.5.3. Human Sensory Capacities
3.5.3.1. Noise (Hearing)
3.5.3.2. Sight
3.5.3.3. Touch
3.6. Quality Goals and Quality Assurance System Elements
3.7. Products’ and Services’ Quality Affecting Factors and Total Quality Management (TQM)
3.7.1. TQM Elements and Goals for TQM Process Success
3.7.2. Deming Approach to TQM
3.7.3. Obstacles to TQM Implementation
3.7.4. Organisations that Promote the TQM Concept and Selected Books on TQM
3.7.4.1. Organisations
3.7.4.2. Books
3.8. Problems
References
Chapter 4: Reliability, Usability, and Quality Analysis Methods
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
4.3. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
4.3.1. Fault Tree Probability Evaluation
4.3.2. Benefits and Drawbacks of the Fault Tree Analysis
4.4. Markov Method
4.5. Cognitive Walkthroughs
4.6. Task Analysis
4.7. Probability Tree Analysis
4.8. Cause and Effect Diagram (CAED)
4.9. Quality Control Charts: The P-Charts
4.9.1. The P-Charts
4.10. Problems
References
Chapter 5: Medical Equipment Reliability
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Medical Equipment Reliability-Associated Facts and Figures
5.3. Medical Devices and Medical Equipment/Devices Classifications
5.4. Medical Equipment Reliability Improvement Methods and Procedures
5.4.1. Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
5.4.2. Parts Count Method
5.4.3. Fault Tree Analysis
5.4.4. Markov Method
5.4.5. General Approach
5.5. Human Error in Medical Equipment
5.5.1. Important Medical Device/Equipment Operator Errors
5.5.2. Medical Devices with High Incidence of Human Error
5.6. Useful Guidelines for Reliability and Healthcare Professionals for Improving Medical Equipment Reliability
5.7. Medical Equipment Maintainbility and Maintenance
5.7.1. Medical Equipment Maintainability
5.7.1.1. Aspect I: Reasons for the Application of Maintainability Principles
5.7.1.2. Aspect II: Maintainability Design Factors
5.7.1.3. Aspect III: Maintainability Measures
5.7.2. Medical Equipment Maintenance
5.7.2.1. Indices
5.7.2.2. Mathematical Models
5.8. Sources for Obtaining Medical Equipment Reliability-Associated Data
5.9. Problems
References
Chapter 6: Robot Reliability
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Terms and Definitions
6.3. Robot Failure Categories, Causes, and Corrective Measures
6.4. Robot Reliability-Associated Survey Results and Robot Effectiveness Dictating Factors
6.5. Robot Relaibility Measures
6.5.1. Robot Reliability
6.5.2. Robot Hazard Rate
6.5.3. Mean Time to Robot-Related Problems
6.5.4. Mean Time to Robot Failure
6.6. Reliability Analysis of Hydraulic and Electric Robots
6.6.1. Reliability Analysis of the Hydraulic Robot
6.6.2. Reliability Analysis of the Electric Robot
6.7. Models for Conducting Robot Reliability and Maintenance Studies
6.7.1. Model I
6.7.2. Model II
6.7.3. Model III
6.8. Problems
References
Chapter 7: Computer and Internet Reliability
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Computer Failure-Related Causes and Issues in Computer System Reliability
7.3. Computer Failure Categories, Hardware and Software Error Sources, and Computer Reliability-Related Measures
7.4. Comparisons Between Computer Hardware and Software Reliability
7.5. Fault Masking
7.5.1. Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR)
7.5.1.1. TMR System Maximum Reliability with Perfect Voter
7.5.1.2. TMR System with Voter Time-Dependent Reliability and Mean Time to Failure
7.5.2. N-Modular Redundancy (NMR)
7.6. Software Reliability Assessment Methods
7.6.1. Category I: Analytical Methods
7.6.2. Category II: Software Reliability Models
7.6.2.1. Musa Model
7.6.2.2. Mills Model
7.6.3. Category III: Software Metrics
7.6.3.1. Code and Unit Test Phase Measure
7.6.3.2. Design Phase Measure
7.7. Internet Facts, Figures, Failure Examples, and Reliability-Related Observations
7.8. Internet Outage Classifications and an Approach for Automating Fault Detection in Internet-Related Servces
7.9. Mathematical Models for Conducting Internet Reliability and Availability Analysis
7.9.1. Model I
7.9.2. Model II
7.10. Problems
References
Chapter 8: Power System Reliability
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Power System Reliability-Associated Terms and Definitions
8.3. Loss of Load Probability
8.4. Power System Service Performance-Related: Indices
8.4.1. Index I
8.4.2. Index II
8.4.3. Index III
8.4.4. Index IV
8.4.5. Index V
8.4.6. Index VI
8.5. Availability Analylsis of Transmission and Associated Systems
8.5.1. Model I
8.5.2. Model II
8.5.3. Model III
8.6. Availability Analysis of a Single Generator Unit
8.6.1. Model I
8.6.2. Model II
8.6.3. Model III
8.7. Problems
References
Chapter 9: Medical Device Usability
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Medical Device Users, User Interfaces, Use Descriptions, and Use Environments
9.3. Medical Devices with High Incidence of User/Human Error and a General Approach for Developing Medical Devices’ Effective User Interfaces
9.4. Useful Guidelines for Making Interfaces of Medical Device More User-Friendly
9.5. Designing Medical Devices for Old Users
9.6. Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) Implications in Medical Device Design
9.7. Useful Documents for Improving Medical Device Usability
9.8. Problems
References
Chapter 10: Software Usability
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Need for Considering Usability During the Software Development Process and the Human-Computer Interface Fundamntal Principles
10.3. Software Usability Engineering Process
10.4. Steps to Improve Software Product Usability
10.5. Software Usability Inspection Methods and Considerations for Their Selection
10.6. Software Usability Testing Methods and Important Factors with Respect to Such Methods
10.7. Useful Guidelines to Perform Software Usability Testing
10.8. Problems
References
Chapter 11: Web Usability
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Web Usability-Associated Facts and Figures
11.3. Common Web Design-Related Errors
11.4. Web Page Design
11.4.1. Page Size
11.4.2. Font Usage
11.4.3. Textual Element Usage
11.4.4. Image Usage
11.4.5. Help Users
11.5. Website Design
11.5.1. Site Organisation
11.5.2. Shared Elements of Site Pages
11.5.3. Site Testing and Maintenance
11.6. Navigation AIDS
11.6.1. Link Usage
11.6.2. Menus and Menu Bar Usage
11.6.3. Navigation Bar Usage
11.7. Web Usability Evaluation Tools
11.7.1. Web SAT
11.7.2. Max
11.7.3. NetRaker
11.7.4. Lift
11.8. Questions for Evaluating Website Message Communication Effectiveness
11.8.1. Concept
11.8.2. Content
11.8.3. Text
11.8.4. Mechanics
11.8.5. Design
11.8.6. Navigation
11.9. Problems
References
Chapter 12: Quality in Health Care
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Health Care Quality-Related Terms and Definitions and Reasons for the Rising Cost of Health Care
12.3. Comparisons of Traditional Quality Assurance and Total Quality Management (TQM) in Regard to Health Care and Quality Assurance Versus Quality Improvement in Health Care Institutions
12.4. Assumptions for Guiding the Development of Quality-Related Strategies in Health Care and Health Care-Associated Quality Goals and Strategies
12.5. Steps for Quality Improvement in Health Care and Physician Reactions to Total Quality
12.6. Quality Tools for Use in Health Care
12.6.1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
12.6.2. Brainstorming
12.6.3. Check Sheets
12.6.4. Multivoting
12.6.5. Force Field Analysis
12.7. Implementation of Six Sigma Methodology in Hospitals and Its Potential Benefits and Implementation Barriers
12.8. Problems
References
Chapter 13: Medical Device Quality Assurance
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Regulatory Compliance of Medical Device Quality Assurance
13.2.1. Procedure for Satisfying GMP Regulation and ISO 9000 Requirements in Regard to Quality Assurance
13.3. Medical Device Design Quality Assurance Programme
13.3.1. Organization
13.3.2. Specifications
13.3.3. Design Review
13.3.4. Reliability Assessment
13.3.5. Parts and Materials Quality Assurance
13.3.6. Software Quality Assurance
13.3.7. Labelling
13.3.8. Design Transfer
13.3.9. Certification
13.3.10. Test Instrumentation
13.3.11. Personnel
13.3.12. Quality Monitoring After the Design Phase
13.4. Tools for Assuring Medical Device Quality
13.4.1. Cause-and-Effect Diagram
13.4.2. Quality Function Deployment
13.4.3. Pareto Diagram
13.4.4. Flowcharts
13.4.5. Scatter Diagram
13.4.6. Control Charts
13.4.7. Histogram
13.5. Quality Indices
13.5.1. Quality Inspector Accuracy Index
13.5.2. Vendor Rating Programme Index
13.5.3. Quality Inspector Inaccuracy Index
13.5.4. Quality Cost Index
13.6. Problems
References
Chapter 14: Software Quality
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Software Quality-Related Terms and Defintions
14.3. Software Quality Factors and Their Categories
14.3.1. Product Operation Factors
14.3.2. Product Revision Factors
14.3.3. Product Transition Factors
14.4. Useful Quality Methods for Use During the Software Development Process
14.4.1. Run Charts
14.4.2. Pareto Diagram
14.5. Quality-Related Measures During the Software Development Life Cycle
14.5.1. Stage I: Requirements Analysis
14.5.2. Stage II: Systems Design
14.5.3. Stage III: Systems Development
14.5.4. Stage IV: Testing
14.5.5. Stage V: Implementation and Maintenance
14.6. Software Quality-Associated Metrics
14.6.1. Metric I
14.6.2. Metric II
14.6.3. Metric III
14.6.4. Metric IV
14.6.5. Metric V
14.6.6. Metric VI
14.6.7. Metric VII
14.6.8. Metric VIII
14.6.9. Metric IX
14.6.10. Metric X
14.7. Software Quality Assurance Manager’s Responsibilities and a Succcessful Software Quality Assurance Program’s Elements
14.8. Software Quality-Related Cost
14.9. Software Quality Assurance Standards and Benefits
14.10. Problems
References
Index