Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Chapter Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
PART 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts
1 Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
Science: Basic Characteristics and a Definition
A Brief History of Behavior Analysis
Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
A Definition of Applied Behavior Analysis
Summary
2 Basic Concepts and Principles
Behavior
Environment
Respondent Behavior
Operant Behavior
Recognizing the Complexity of Human Behavior
Summary
PART 2: Selecting, Defining, and Measuring Behavior
3 Selecting and Defining Target Behaviors
Role of Assessment in Applied Behavior Analysis
Assessment Methods Used by Behavior Analysts
Assessing the Social Significance of Potential Target Behaviors
Prioritizing Target Behaviors
Defining Target Behaviors
Setting Criteria for Behavior Change
Summary
4 Measuring Behavior
Definition and Functions of Measurement in Applied Behavior Analysis
Measurable Dimensions of Behavior
Methods for Measuring Behavior
Measuring Behavior by Permanent Products
Measurement Tools
Selecting a Measurement Method
Summary
5 Improving and Assessing the Quality of Behavioral Measurement
Indicators of Trustworthy Measurement
Threats to Valid Measurement
Threats to Accurate and Reliable Measurement
Assessing the Accuracy and Reliability of Behavioral Measurement
Using Interobserver Agreement to Assess Behavioral Measurement
Summary
PART 3: Evaluating and Analyzing Behavior Change
6 Constructing and Interpreting Graphic Displays of Behavioral Data
Purpose and Benefits of Graphic Displays of Behavioral Data
Graphs Used by Applied Behavior Analysts
Constructing Line Graphs
Interpreting Graphically Displayed Behavioral Data
Summary
7 Analyzing Behavior Change: Basic Assumptions and Strategies
Concepts and Assumptions Underlying the Analysis of Behavior
Components of Applied Behavior Analysis Experiments
Steady State Strategy and Baseline Logic
Summary
8 Reversal and Multielement Designs
Reversal Design
Multielement Design
Summary
9 Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Designs
Multiple Baseline Design
Changing Criterion Design
Summary
10 Planning and Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research
Importance of the Individual Subject in Behavior Analysis Research
Importance of Flexibility in Experimental Design
Internal Validity: Controlling Potential Sources of Confounding in Experimental Design
Social Validity: Assessing the Applied Value of Behavior Changes and the Treatments That Accomplish Them
External Validity: Replicating Experiments to Determine the Generality of Research Findings
Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research
Summary
PART 4: Reinforcement
11 Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement Defined
Classifying Reinforcers
Identifying Potential Reinforcers
Control Procedures for Positive Reinforcement
Using Reinforcement Effectively
Summary
12 Negative Reinforcement
Definition of Negative Reinforcement
Escape and Avoidance Contingencies
Characteristics of Negative Reinforcement
Applications of Negative Reinforcement
Changes in Teacher and Caregiver Responding as a Function of Negative Reinforcement
Ethical Considerations in Using Negative Reinforcement
Summary
13 Schedules of Reinforcement
Intermittent Reinforcement
Defining Basic Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
Schedule Effects and Consistency of Performance
Thinning Intermittent Reinforcement
Variations on Basic Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
Compound Schedules of Reinforcement
Perspectives on Using Schedules of Reinforcement in Applied Settings
Summary
PART 5: Punishment
14 Positive Punishment
Definition and Characteristics of Punishment
Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment
Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment
Positive Punishment Interventions
Guidelines for Using Punishment
Ethical Considerations Regarding the use of Punishment
Concluding Perspectives
Summary
15 Negative Punishment
Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement Defined
Time-Out Tactics for Applied Settings
Using Time-Out Effectively
Response Cost Defined
Response Cost Methods
Using Response Cost Effectively
Response Cost Considerations
Summary
PART 6: Antecedent Variables
16 Motivating Operations
Definition and Characteristics of Motivating Operations
Distinguishing Between MOs and SDs
Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)
MOs for Punishment
Multiple Effects of MOs
Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs)
Relevance of MOs to the Generality of Treatment Effects
Relevance of MOs to Applied Behavior Analysis
Summary
17 Stimulus Control
Stimulus Control: Basic Concepts and Processes
Developing Stimulus Control
Transferring Stimulus Control
Summary
PART 7: Verbal Behavior
18 Verbal Behavior
Skinnerβs (1957) Analysis of Verbal Behavior
The Verbal Operants and Listener Behavior in More Detail
Listener Behavior
Autoclitic Verbal Behavior
Applications of Skinnerβs (1957) Analysis of Verbal Behavior
Applications to Language Assessment and Intervention
The Loss of Verbal Behavior
Summary
PART 8: Developing New Behavior
19 Equivalence-based Instruction
Research Foundations and Core Concepts
Designing Equivalence-Based Instruction
Applications and Generality
Applications Stemming from Alternative Theoretical Approaches to Relational Responding
Concluding Remarks
Summary
20 Engineering Emergent Learning with Nonequivalence Relations
What are Nonequivalence Relations? Why do They Matter?
The Vocabulary of Nonequivalence Relations
Some Types of Nonequivalence Relations
Theoretical Foundations
Nonequivalence Relations and Big-Picture Psychological Constructs
Derived Stimulus Relations and General Well-Being
A Final Comment
Summary
21 Imitation, Modeling, and Observational Learning
Imitation
Modeling
Observational Learning
Summary
22 Shaping
Shaping Defined
Shaping Across and Within Response Topographies
Increasing Shaping Efficiency
Clicker Training
Emerging Applications of Shaping
Shaping Guidelines
Learning to Shape
Summary
23 Chaining
Behavior Chain Defined
Rationale for Chaining
Establishing Behavior Chains with Task Analysis
Behavior Chaining Methods
Choosing a Chaining Method
Disrupting and Breaking Behavior Chains
Troubleshooting Chains
Factors Affecting the Performance of Behavior Chains
Summary
PART 9: Decreasing Behavior with Nonpunishment Procedures
24 Extinction
Extinction Defined
Extinction Procedures
Secondary Effects of Extinction
Variables Affecting Resistance to Extinction
Using Extinction Effectively
When Not to Use Extinction
Summary
25 Differential Reinforcement
Differential Reinforcement Defined
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL)
Summary
26 Antecedent Interventions
Defining and Classifying Antecedent Interventions
Noncontingent Reinforcement
High-Probability Instructional Sequence
Functional Communication Training
Default Interventions
Summary
PART 10: Functional Assessment
27 Functional Behavior Assessment
Functions of Behavior
Role of Functional Behavior Assessment in Intervention and Prevention
Overview of FBA Methods
Conducting a Functional Behavior Assessment
Case Examples Illustrating the FBA Process
Summary
PART 11: Special Applications
28 Token Economy, Group Contingencies, and Contingency Contracting
Token Economy
Group Contingencies
Contingency Contracting
Summary
29 Self-Management
The βSelfβ as Behavior Controller
Self-Management Defined
Applications, Advantages, and Benefits of Self-Management
Antecedent-Based Self-Management Tactics
Self-Monitoring
Self-Administered Consequences
Other Self-Management Tactics
Suggestions for Effective Self-Management Programs
Behavior Changes Behavior
Summary
PART 12: Promoting Generalized Behavior Change
30 Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change
Generalized Behavior Change: Definitions and Key Concepts
Planning for Generalized Behavior Change
Strategies and Tactics for Promoting Generalized Behavior Change
Modifying and Terminating Successful Interventions
Guiding Principles for Promoting Generalized Outcomes
Summary
PART 13: Ethics
31 Ethical and Professional Responsibilities of Applied Behavior Analysts
What Is Ethics and Why Is It Important?
Standards of Professional Practice for Applied Behavior Analysts
Ensuring Professional Competence
Ethical Issues in Client Services
Coordinating with Other Professionals
Social Media and New Technologies
Advocating for the Client
Conflict of Interest
Creating a Culture of Ethical Practice
Conclusion
Summary
Epilogue
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index