Applied Analog Electronics. A First Course in Electronics

✍ Scribed by Kevin Karplus

• Publisher: World Scientific Publishing
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 616
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
List of Figures
List of Tables
1. Why an Electronics Class?
1.1 First (and sometimes last) course on electronics
1.2 Why teach electronics to non-EE majors?
1.3 Teaching design
1.4 Working in pairs
1.5 Learning outcomes
1.6 Videos for the course
2. Background Material
2.1 Metric units
2.2 Dimensional analysis
2.3 Logarithms
2.3.1 Definition of logarithms
2.3.2 Expressing ratios as logarithms
2.3.3 Logarithmic graphs
2.4 Complex numbers
2.5 Derivatives
2.6 Optimization
2.7 Inequalities
3. Lab 1: Setting Up
3.1 What parts are needed for the course
3.2 Sorting parts
3.3 Soldering
3.3.1 General soldering advice
3.3.2 Soldering Teensy headers
3.4 Installing Python
3.5 Installing data-acquisition system: PteroDAQ
3.6 Installing plotting software (gnuplot)
3.7 Using voltmeter
3.8 No design report
4. Voltage, Current, and Resistance
4.1 Voltage
4.2 Current
4.3 Resistance and Ohm's law
4.4 Resistors
4.5 Series and parallel resistors
4.6 Power
4.7 Hydraulic analogy
5. Voltage Dividers and Resistance-based Sensors
5.1 Voltage dividers
5.1.1 Voltage divider—worked examples
5.1.2 Thevenin equivalent of voltage divider
5.1.3 Potentiometers
5.1.4 Summary of voltage dividers
5.2 Thermistors
5.3 Other temperature sensors
5.4 Other resistance sensors
5.5 Example: Alcohol sensor
5.6 Block diagram
6. Signals
6.1 Signals
6.2 Measuring voltage
6.3 Time-varying voltage
6.4 Function generators
6.5 Data-acquisition systems
7. Design Report Guidelines
7.1 How to write up a lab or design
7.2 Audience
7.3 Length
7.4 Structure
7.5 Paragraphs
7.6 Flow
7.7 Tense, voice, and mood
7.8 Formatting with LATEX
7.9 Math
7.9.1 Number format
7.9.2 Math formulas
7.10 Graphical elements
7.10.1 Vector and raster graphics
7.10.2 Block diagrams
7.10.3 Schematics
7.10.4 Graphs
7.10.4.1 Basic gnuplot commands
7.10.5 Color in graphs
7.10.5.1 PDF from gnuplot
7.10.6 Listing programs and scripts
7.11 Word usage
7.12 Punctuation
7.12.1 Commas
7.12.2 Colons
7.12.3 Periods
7.12.4 Apostrophes
7.12.5 Capitalization
7.12.6 Spaces
7.12.7 Dashes and hyphens
7.12.8 Fonts
7.13 Citation
8. Lab 2: Measuring Temperature
8.1 Design goal
8.2 Pre-lab assignment
8.3 Setting up the thermistor
8.4 Measuring resistance
8.5 Fitting parameters with gnuplot
8.6 Using a breadboard
8.7 Measuring voltage
8.8 Recording voltage measurements
8.9 Demo and write-up
9. Sampling and Aliasing
9.1 Sampling
9.2 Aliasing
10. Impedance: Capacitors
10.1 Capacitors
10.1.1 Ceramic capacitors
10.1.2 Electrolytic capacitors
10.2 Complex impedance
10.2.1 Impedances in series and parallel
10.2.2 Impedance of capacitor
11. Passive RC Filters
11.1 RC filters
11.2 RC voltage divider
11.3 Simple filters—worked examples
11.4 RC time constant
11.5 Input and output impedance of RC filter
11.6 Recentering a signal
11.7 Band-pass filters
11.7.1 Special cases
11.7.2 Examples and exercises
11.7.3 Cascaded high-pass and low-pass filter
11.8 Band-stop filters
11.9 Component tolerance
11.10 Bypass capacitors
12. Function Generator
12.1 Agilent 33120A function generators
12.2 Analog Discovery 2 function generator
13. Debugging
13.1 Expectation vs. observation
13.2 Show me your schematic!
13.3 Color code for wires
13.4 Good breadboard practice
13.5 Limitations of test equipment
14. Lab 3: Sampling and Aliasing
14.1 Design goal
14.2 Pre-lab assignment
14.3 Using function generator with oset
14.4 Wiring high-pass filter
14.5 Using gnuplot
14.6 Demo and write-up
15. Oscilloscopes
15.1 Analog oscilloscopes
15.2 Digital oscilloscopes
15.3 Differential channels
15.4 DC and AC coupling
15.5 Triggering an oscilloscope
15.6 Autoset
15.7 Oscilloscope input impedance and probes
16. Hysteresis
16.1 What is hysteresis, and why do we need it?
16.2 How a hysteresis oscillator works
16.3 Choosing RC to select frequency
16.3.1 Improved model of 74HC14N
16.3.2 Minimum value for R
16.3.3 Maximum value for C
16.3.4 Minimum value for C
16.3.5 Maximum value for R
16.4 Feedback capacitance
16.5 Capacitance touch sensor
16.6 Multi-dielectric capacitors
17. Lab 4: Hysteresis
17.1 Design goal
17.2 Design hints
17.3 Pre-lab assignment
17.4 Procedures
17.4.1 Characterizing the 74HC14N
17.4.2 Breadboarding the hysteresis oscillator
17.4.3 Using hysteresis to clean up a noisy analog signal
17.4.4 Soldering the hysteresis oscillator
17.5 Demo and write-up
18. Amplifiers
18.1 Why amplifiers?
18.2 Amplifier parameters
18.2.1 Gain
18.2.2 Gain-bandwidth product
18.2.3 Distortion and clipping
18.2.4 Input offset
18.2.5 Input bias
18.2.6 Common-mode and power-supply rejection
18.2.7 Other amplifier parameters
18.3 Multi-stage amplifiers
18.4 Examples of amplifiers at block-diagram level
18.4.1 Example: Temperature sensor
18.4.2 Example: pH meter
18.4.3 Example: Ultrasound imaging
18.5 Instrumentation amplifiers
19. Operational Amplifiers
19.1 What is an op amp?
19.2 Negative-feedback amplifier
19.3 Unity-gain buffer
19.4 Adjustable gain
19.5 Gain-bandwidth product in negative feedback
20. Pressure Sensors
20.1 Breath pressure
20.2 Blood pressure
20.3 Pressure sensors and strain gauges
21. Lab 5: Strain-Gauge Pressure Sensor
21.1 Design goal
21.2 Pre-lab assignment
21.2.1 Sensor values
21.2.2 Block design
21.2.3 Schematics
21.3 Procedures
21.4 Breath pressure
21.5 Blood pressure
21.6 Demo and write-up
21.7 Bonus activities
22. Optoelectronics
22.1 Semiconductor diode
22.2 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
22.3 Photodiode
22.4 Phototransistor
22.5 Optical properties of blood
23. Transimpedance Amplifier
23.1 Transimpedance amplifier with complex gain
23.2 Log-transimpedance amplifier
23.3 Multistage transimpedance amplifier
23.4 Compensating transimpedance amplifiers
24. Active Filters
24.1 Active vs. passive Filters
24.2 Active low-pass filter
24.3 Active high-pass filter
24.4 Active band-pass filter
24.5 Voltage o set for high-pass and band-pass filters
24.6 Considering gain-bandwidth product
24.7 Multiple-feedback band-pass filter
25. Lab 6: Optical Pulse Monitor
25.1 Design goal
25.2 Design choices
25.3 Procedures
25.3.1 Try it and see: LEDs
25.3.2 Set up log amplifier
25.3.3 Extending leads
25.3.4 Assembling the finger sensor
25.3.5 Try it and see: Low-gain pulse signal
25.3.6 Procedures for second stage
25.4 Demo and write-up
26. Microphones
26.1 Electret microphones
26.2 Junction field-efect transistors (JFETs)
26.3 Loudness
26.4 Microphone sensitivity
26.4.1 Microphone DC analysis
26.4.2 Power-supply noise
26.4.3 Microphone AC analysis
26.4.4 Sound pressure level
27. Lab 7: Electret Microphone
27.1 Design goal
27.2 Characterizing the DC behavior
27.2.1 DC characterization with Analog Discovery 2
27.2.2 DC characterization with PteroDAQ
27.2.3 DC characterization with a voltmeter
27.2.4 Plotting results
27.2.5 Optional design challenge
27.3 Analysis
27.4 Microphone to oscilloscope
27.5 Demo and write-up
28. Impedance: Inductors
28.1 Inductors
28.2 Computing inductance from shape
28.3 Impedance of inductors
28.4 LC resonators
29. Loudspeakers
29.1 How loudspeakers work
29.2 Models of loudspeakers
29.2.1 Models as electronic circuits
29.2.1.1 R and RL models for loudspeaker
29.2.1.2 Loudspeaker model with RLC for mechanical resonance
29.2.1.3 Loudspeaker model with nonstandard impedance
29.2.1.4 Resonance with nonstandard impedances
29.2.2 Fitting loudspeaker models
29.3 Loudspeaker power limitations
29.4 Zobel network
30. Lab 8: Loudspeaker Modeling
30.1 Design goal
30.2 Design hints
30.3 Methods for measuring impedance
30.3.1 Using the impedance analyzer
30.3.1.1 Setting up the impedance analyzer
30.3.1.2 How compensation works for the impedance analyzer
30.3.2 Using voltmeters
30.4 Characterizing an unknown RC circuit
30.5 Characterizing a loudspeaker
30.6 Demo and write-up
31. Lab 9: Low-Power Audio Amplifier
31.1 Design goal
31.2 Power limits
31.3 DC bias
31.4 Pre-lab assignment
31.5 Power supplies
31.6 Procedures
31.7 Soldering the amplifier
31.8 Bonus
31.9 Demo and write-up
32. Field-effect Transistors
32.1 Single nFET switch
32.2 cMOS output stage
32.3 Switching inductive loads
32.4 H-bridges
32.5 Switching speeds of FETs
32.6 Heat dissipation in FETs
33. Comparators
33.1 Rail-to-rail comparators
33.2 Open-collector comparators
33.3 Making Schmitt triggers
33.3.1 Inverting Schmitt trigger with rail-to-rail comparator
33.3.2 Inverting Schmitt trigger with open-collector comparator
33.3.3 Non-inverting Schmitt trigger with rail-to-rail comparator
34. Lab 10: Measuring FETs
34.1 Goal: Determining drive for FETs as switches
34.2 Soldering SOT-23 FETs
34.3 FETs without load (shoot-through current)
34.4 FET with load
34.5 Write-up
34.6 Bonus lab parts
35. Class-D Power Amplier
35.1 Real power
35.2 Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
35.3 Generating PWM signals from audio input
35.4 Output filter overview
35.5 Higher voltages for more power
35.6 Feedback-driven class-D amplier
36. Triangle-Wave Oscillator
36.1 Integrator
36.2 Fixed-frequency triangle-wave oscillator
36.3 Voltage-controlled triangle-wave oscillator
36.3.1 VCO: Frequency linear with voltage
36.3.2 Sawtooth voltage-controlled oscillator
36.3.3 VCO: Frequency exponential with voltage
37. Lab 11: Class-D Power Amp
37.1 Design goal
37.2 Pre-lab assignment
37.2.1 Block diagram
37.2.2 Setting the power supply
37.3 Procedures
37.4 Demo and write-up
37.5 Bonus lab parts
38. Electrodes
38.1 Electrolytes and conductivity
38.2 Polarizable and nonpolarizable electrodes
38.3 Stainless steel
38.4 Silver/silver chloride
38.5 Modeling electrodes
38.6 Four-electrode resistivity measurements
39. Lab 12: Electrodes
39.1 Design goal
39.2 Design hint
39.3 Stock salt solutions
39.4 Pre-lab assignment
39.5 Procedures
39.5.1 Characterizing stainless-steel electrodes
39.5.2 Interpreting results for stainless-steel electrodes
39.5.3 Electroplating silver wire with AgCl
39.5.4 Characterizing Ag/AgCl electrodes
39.5.5 Characterizing EKG electrodes
39.6 Demo and write-up
40. Instrumentation Amps
40.1 Three-op-amp instrumentation amp
40.2 Two-op-amp instrumentation amp
41. Electrocardiograms (EKGs)
41.1 EKG basics
41.2 Safety
41.3 Action potentials
42. Lab 13: EKG
42.1 Design goal
42.2 Pre-lab assignment
42.3 Procedures
42.4 Demo and write-up
A: PteroDAQ Documentation
B: Study Sheet
B.1 Physics
B.2 Math
B.3 Op amps
B.4 Impedance
References
Index