Applied Analog Electronics: a first course in electronics

✍ Scribed by Kevin Karplus

• Publisher: Leanpub
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 674
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Why I wrote this book
Who the book is for
Autodidacticism
Don't be too helpful
Setting up a course based on the book
What bench equipment is needed for course
Time expectations for course
Hours needed
Possible time allocation for labs
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Why an electronics class?
First (and sometimes last) course on electronics
Why teach electronics to non-EE majors?
Teaching design
Working in pairs
Learning outcomes
Background material
Metric units
Dimensional analysis
Logarithms
Definition of logarithms
Expressing ratios as logarithms
Logarithmic graphs
Complex numbers
Derivatives
Optimization
Inequalities
Lab 1: Setting up
What parts are needed for course
Sorting parts
Soldering
General soldering advice
Soldering Teensy headers
Installing Python
Installing data-acquisition system: PteroDAQ
Installing plotting software (gnuplot)
Using voltmeter
No design report
Voltage, current, and resistance
Voltage
Current
Resistance and Ohm's law
Resistors
Series and parallel resistors
Power
Hydraulic analogy
Voltage dividers and resistance-based sensors
Voltage dividers
Voltage divider—worked examples
Thévenin equivalent of voltage divider
Potentiometers
Summary of voltage dividers
Thermistors
Other temperature sensors
Other resistance sensors
Example: alcohol sensor
Block diagram
Signals
Signals
Measuring voltage
Time-varying voltage
Function generators
Data-acquisition systems
Design report guidelines
How to write up a lab or design
Audience
Length
Structure
Paragraphs
Flow
Tense, voice, and mood
Formatting with LaTeX
Math
Number format
Math formulas
Graphical elements
Vector and raster graphics
Block diagrams
Schematics
Graphs
Color in graphs
Word usage
Punctuation
Commas
Colons
Periods
Apostrophes
Capitalization
Spaces
Dashes and hyphens
Fonts
Citation
Lab 2: Measuring temperature
Design goal
Pre-lab assignment
Setting up thermistor
Measuring resistance
Fitting parameters with gnuplot
Using a breadboard
Measuring voltage
Recording voltage measurements
Demo and write-up
Sampling and aliasing
Sampling
Aliasing
Impedance: capacitors
Capacitors
Ceramic capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors
Complex impedance
Impedances in series and parallel
Impedance of capacitor
Passive RC filters
RC filters
RC voltage divider
Simple filters—worked examples
RC time constant
Input and output impedance of RC filter
Recentering a signal
Band-pass filters
Special cases
Examples and exercises
Cascaded high-pass and low-pass filter
Band-stop filters
Component tolerance
Bypass capacitors
Function generator
Agilent 33120A function generators
Analog Discovery 2 function generator
Debugging
Expectation vs. observation
Show me your schematic!
Color code for wires
Good breadboard practice
Limitations of test equipment
Lab 3: Sampling and aliasing
Design goal
Pre-lab assignment
Using function generator with offset
Wiring high-pass filter
Using gnuplot
Demo and write-up
Oscilloscopes
Analog oscilloscopes
Digital oscilloscopes
Differential channels
DC and AC coupling
Triggering an oscilloscope
Autoset
Oscilloscope input impedance and probes
Hysteresis
What is hysteresis, and why do we need it?
How a hysteresis oscillator works
Choosing RC to select frequency
Improved model of 74HC14N
Minimum value for R
Maximum value for C
Minimum value for C
Maximum value for R
Feedback capacitance
Capacitance touch sensor
Multi-dielectric capacitors
Lab 4: Hysteresis
Design goal
Design hints
Pre-lab assignment
Procedures
Characterizing the 74HC14N
Breadboarding the hysteresis oscillator
Using hysteresis to clean up a noisy analog signal
Soldering the hysteresis oscillator
Demo and write-up
Amplifiers
Why amplifiers?
Amplifier parameters
Gain
Gain-bandwidth product
Distortion and clipping
Input offset
Input bias
Common-mode and power-supply rejection
Other amplifier parameters
Multi-stage amplifiers
Examples of amplifiers at block-diagram level
Example: temperature sensor
Example: pH meter
Example: ultrasound imaging
Instrumentation amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
What is an op amp?
Negative-feedback amplifier
Unity-gain buffer
Adjustable gain
Gain-bandwidth product in negative feedback
Pressure sensors
Breath pressure
Blood pressure
Pressure sensors and strain gauges
Lab 5: Strain-gauge pressure sensor
Design goal
Pre-lab assignment
Sensor values
Block design
Schematics
Procedures
Breath pressure
Blood pressure
Demo and write-up
Bonus activities
Optoelectronics
Semiconductor diode
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
Photodiode
Phototransistor
Optical properties of blood
Transimpedance amplifier
Transimpedance amplifier with complex gain
Log-transimpedance amplifier
Multistage transimpedance amplifier
Compensating transimpedance amplifiers
Active filters
Active vs. passive filters
Active low-pass filter
Active high-pass filter
Active band-pass filter
Considering gain-bandwidth product
Multiple-feedback band-pass filter
Lab 6: Optical pulse monitor
Design goal
Design choices
Procedures
Try it and see: LEDs
Set up log amplifier
Extending leads
Assembling the finger sensor
Try it and see: low-gain pulse signal
Procedures for second stage
Demo and write-up
Microphones
Electret microphones
Junction Field-Effect Transistors
Loudness
Microphone sensitivity
Microphone DC analysis
Power-supply noise
Microphone AC analysis
Sound pressure level
Lab 7: Electret microphone
Design goal
Characterizing the DC behavior
DC characterization with Analog Discovery 2
DC characterization with PteroDAQ
DC characterization with a voltmeter
Plotting results
Optional design challenge
Analysis
Microphone to oscilloscope
Demo and write-up
Impedance: inductors
Inductors
Computing inductance from shape
Impedance of inductors
LC resonators
Loudspeakers
How loudspeakers work
Models of loudspeakers
Models as electronic circuits
Fitting loudspeaker models
Loudspeaker power limitations
Zobel network
Lab 8: Loudspeaker modeling
Design goal
Design hints
Methods for measuring impedance
Using the impedance analyzer
Using voltmeters
Characterizing an unknown RC circuit
Characterizing a loudspeaker
Demo and write-up
Lab 9: Low-power audio amplifier
Design goal
Power limits
DC bias
Pre-lab assignment
Power supplies
Procedures
Soldering the amplifier
Bonus
Demo and write-up
Field-effect transistors
Single nFET switch
cMOS output stage
Switching inductive loads
H-bridges
Switching speeds of FETs
Heat dissipation in FETs
Comparators
Rail-to-rail comparators
Open-collector comparators
Making Schmitt triggers
Inverting Schmitt trigger with rail-to-rail comparator
Inverting Schmitt trigger with open-collector comparator
Non-inverting Schmitt trigger with rail-to-rail comparator
Lab 10: Measuring FETs
Goal: determining drive for FETs as switches
Soldering SOT-23 FETs
FETs without load (shoot-through current)
FET with load
Write-up
Bonus lab parts
Class-D power amplifier
Real power
Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
Generating PWM signals from audio input
Output filter overview
Higher voltages for more power
Feedback-driven class-D amplifier
Triangle-wave oscillator
Integrator
Fixed-frequency triangle-wave oscillator
Voltage-controlled triangle-wave oscillator
VCO: frequency linear with voltage
Sawtooth voltage-controlled oscillator
VCO: frequency exponential with voltage
Lab 11: Class-D power amp
Design goal
Pre-lab assignment
Block diagram
Setting the power supply
Procedures
Demo and write-up
Bonus lab parts
Electrodes
Electrolytes and conductivity
Polarizable and non-polarizable electrodes
Stainless steel
Silver/silver chloride
Modeling electrodes
Four-electrode resistivity measurements
Lab 12: Electrodes
Design goal
Design hint
Stock salt solutions
Pre-lab assignment
Procedures
Characterizing stainless-steel electrodes
Interpreting results for stainless-steel electrodes
Electroplating silver wire with AgCl
Characterizing Ag/AgCl electrodes
Characterizing EKG electrodes
Demo and write-up
Instrumentation amps
Three-op-amp instrumentation amp
Two-op-amp instrumentation amp
Electrocardiograms (EKGs)
EKG basics
Safety
Action potentials
Lab 13: EKG
Design goal
Pre-lab assignment
Procedures
Demo and write-up
PteroDAQ documentation
Study sheet
Physics
Math
Op amps
Impedance
References
Index