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Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition

✍ Scribed by Constantine A. Balanis


Publisher
Wiley-Interscience
Year
2005
Tongue
English
Leaves
1166
Edition
3
Category
Library

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✦ Synopsis


The discipline of antenna theory has experienced vast technological changes. In response, Constantine Balanis has updated his classic text, Antenna Theory, offering the most recent look at all the necessary topics. New material includes smart antennas and fractal antennas, along with the latest applications in wireless communications. Multimedia material on an accompanying CD presents PowerPoint viewgraphs of lecture notes, interactive review questions, Java animations and applets, and MATLAB features. Like the previous editions, Antenna Theory, Third Edition meets the needs of electrical engineering and physics students at the senior undergraduate and beginning graduate levels, and those of practicing engineers as well. It is a benchmark text for mastering the latest theory in the subject, and for better understanding the technological applications.

An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.

✦ Table of Contents


Front Matter......Page 1
Appendices......Page 0
Dedication......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 15
1.2.3 Microstrip Antennas......Page 18
1.2.4 Array Antennas......Page 19
1.2.5 Reflector Antennas......Page 20
1.3 Radiation Mechanism......Page 21
1.3.1 Single Wire......Page 23
1.3.2 Two-Wires......Page 25
1.3.3 Dipole......Page 28
1.3.4 Computer Animation-Visualization of Radiation Problems......Page 29
1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna......Page 31
1.5 Historical Advancement......Page 34
1.5.1 Antenna Elements......Page 35
1.5.2 Methods of Analysis......Page 36
1.5.3 Some Future Challenges......Page 37
References......Page 38
2.2 Radiation Pattern......Page 41
2.2.1 Radiation Pattern Lobes......Page 44
2.2.2 Isotropic, Directional, and Omnidirectional Patterns......Page 46
2.2.3 Principal Patterns......Page 47
2.2.4 Field Regions......Page 48
2.2.5 Radian and Steradian......Page 50
2.3 Radiation Power Density......Page 52
2.4 Radiation Intensity......Page 54
2.5 Beamwidth......Page 56
2.6 Directivity......Page 58
2.6.1 Directional Patterns......Page 64
2.6.2 Omnidirectional Patterns......Page 69
2.7 Numerical Techniques......Page 72
2.8 Antenna Efficiency......Page 78
2.9 Gain......Page 79
2.10 Beam Efficiency......Page 83
2.12 Polarization......Page 84
2.12.1 Linear, Circular, and Elliptical Polarizations......Page 87
2.12.2 Polarization Loss Factor and Efficiency......Page 90
2.13 Input Impedance......Page 94
2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency......Page 99
2.15.1 Vector Effective Length......Page 101
2.15.2 Antenna Equivalent Areas......Page 103
2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area......Page 106
2.17.1 Friis Transmission Equation......Page 108
2.17.2 Radar Range Equation......Page 110
2.17.3 Antenna Radar Cross Section......Page 112
2.18 Antenna Temperature......Page 118
2.19 Multimedia......Page 122
References......Page 126
Problems......Page 128
3.1 Introduction......Page 147
3.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J......Page 149
3.3 The Vector Potential F for a Magnetic Current Source M......Page 151
3.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources......Page 152
3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation......Page 153
3.6 Far-Field Radiation......Page 156
3.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems......Page 158
3.8.1 Reciprocity for Two Antennas......Page 161
3.8.2 Reciprocity for Antenna Radiation Patterns......Page 162
Problems......Page 164
4.2.1 Radiated Fields......Page 165
4.2.2 Power Density and Radiation Resistance......Page 168
4.2.3 Radian Distance and Radian Sphere......Page 170
4.2.5 Intermediate-Field (kr > 1) Region......Page 172
4.2.6 Far-Field (kr >> 1) Region......Page 173
4.2.7 Directivity......Page 174
4.3 Small Dipole......Page 176
4.4 Region Separation......Page 179
4.4.1 Far-Field (Fraunhofer) Region......Page 181
4.4.2 Radiating Near-Field (Fresnel) Region......Page 182
4.5.1 Current Distribution......Page 184
4.5.2 Radiated Fields: Element Factor, Space Factor, and Pattern Multiplication......Page 185
4.5.3 Power Density, Radiation Intensity, and Radiation Resistance......Page 187
4.5.4 Directivity......Page 192
4.5.5 Input Resistance......Page 193
4.5.6 Finite Feed Gap......Page 195
4.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole......Page 196
4.7.1 Image Theory......Page 198
4.7.2 Vertical Electric Dipole......Page 200
4.7.3 Approximate Formulas for Rapid Calculations and Design......Page 207
4.7.4 Antennas for Mobile Communication Systems......Page 209
4.7.5 Horizontal Electric Dipole......Page 211
4.8.1 Vertical Electric Dipole......Page 219
4.8.2 Horizontal Electric Dipole......Page 220
4.8.3 Earth Curvature......Page 222
4.9 Computer Codes......Page 228
4.10 Multimedia......Page 231
References......Page 232
Problems......Page 233
5.1 Introduction......Page 245
5.2 Small Circular Loop......Page 246
5.2.1 Radiated Fields......Page 247
5.2.3 Power Density and Radiation Resistance......Page 251
5.2.4 Near-Field (kr << 1) Region......Page 255
5.2.6 Radiation Intensity and Directivity......Page 256
5.2.7 Equivalent Circuit......Page 257
5.3.1 Radiated Fields......Page 260
5.3.2 Power Density, Radiation Intensity, Radiation Resistance, and Directivity......Page 263
5.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current......Page 269
5.4.1 Arrays......Page 272
5.4.2 Design Procedure......Page 274
5.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops......Page 275
5.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas......Page 277
5.6.1 Square Loop......Page 278
5.6.2 Triangular, Rectangular, and Rhombic Loops......Page 279
5.7.1 Radiation Resistance......Page 280
5.7.2 Ferrite-Loaded Receiving Loop......Page 281
5.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications......Page 282
5.9 Multimedia......Page 283
References......Page 287
Problems......Page 289
6.1 Introduction......Page 296
6.2 Two-Element Array......Page 297
6.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing......Page 303
6.3.1 Broadside Array......Page 309
6.3.2 Ordinary End-Fire Array......Page 310
6.3.3 Phased (Scanning) Array......Page 313
6.3.4 Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire Array......Page 317
6.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity......Page 326
6.4.1 Broadside Array......Page 327
6.4.2 Ordinary End-Fire Array......Page 328
6.4.3 Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire Array......Page 330
6.5 Design Procedure......Page 331
6.6.1 N-Elements along Z-Axis......Page 333
6.6.2 N-Elements along X- or Y-Axis......Page 334
6.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution......Page 335
6.8 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude......Page 337
6.8.1 Array Factor......Page 339
6.8.2 Binomial Array......Page 341
6.8.3 Dolph-Tschebyscheff Array......Page 344
67827_06b......Page 347
6.9 Superdirectivity......Page 358
6.9.2 Designs with Constraints......Page 359
6.10.1 Array Factor......Page 362
6.10.2 Beamwidth......Page 369
6.10.3 Directivity......Page 373
6.11 Design Considerations......Page 375
6.12.1 Array Factor......Page 378
6.13 Multimedia......Page 382
References......Page 383
Problems......Page 384
7.1 Introduction......Page 398
7.2.1 Line-Source......Page 399
7.2.2 Discretization of Continuous Sources......Page 400
7.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method......Page 401
7.4.1 Line-Source......Page 406
7.4.2 Linear Array......Page 409
7.5 Woodward-Lawson Method......Page 412
7.5.1 Line-Source......Page 413
7.5.2 Linear Array......Page 417
7.6 Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error)......Page 419
7.6.1 Design Procedure......Page 421
7.7 Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter)......Page 423
7.8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions......Page 430
7.9 Line-Source Phase Distributions......Page 431
7.10 Continuous Aperture Sources......Page 432
7.10.1 Rectangular Aperture......Page 433
7.10.2 Circular Aperture......Page 434
References......Page 436
Problems......Page 437
8.1 Introduction......Page 445
8.2 Integral Equation Method......Page 446
8.2.1 Electrostatic Charge Distribution......Page 447
8.2.2 Integral Equation......Page 453
8.3 Finite Diameter Wires......Page 454
8.3.1 Pocklington's Integral Equation......Page 455
8.3.2 HallΓ©n's Integral Equation......Page 458
8.3.3 Source Modeling......Page 459
8.4 Moment Method Solution......Page 462
8.4.1 Basis Functions......Page 463
8.4.2 Weighting (Testing) Functions......Page 467
8.5 Self-Impedance......Page 470
8.5.1 Integral Equation-Moment Method......Page 471
8.5.2 Induced EMF Method......Page 473
8.6 Mutual Impedance between Linear Elements......Page 480
8.6.1 Integral Equation-Moment Method......Page 482
8.6.2 Induced EMF Method......Page 483
8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays......Page 490
8.7.1 Coupling in the Transmitting Mode......Page 491
8.7.3 Mutual Coupling on Array Performance......Page 493
8.7.4 Coupling in an Infinite Regular Array......Page 494
8.7.5 Grating Lobes Considerations......Page 498
References......Page 503
Problems......Page 506
9.1 Introduction......Page 508
9.2 Biconical Antenna......Page 511
9.2.1 Radiated Fields......Page 512
9.2.2 Input Impedance......Page 514
9.3 Triangular Sheet, Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation......Page 517
9.4.1 Bandwidth......Page 519
9.4.2 Input Impedance......Page 520
9.4.3 Resonance and Ground Plane Simulation......Page 521
9.4.4 Radiation Patterns......Page 522
9.4.6 Dielectric Coating......Page 524
9.5 Folded Dipole......Page 526
9.6 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole......Page 532
9.7.2 Quarter-Wavelength Transformer......Page 534
9.7.3 T-Match......Page 542
9.7.4 Gamma Match......Page 544
9.7.6 Baluns and Transformers......Page 549
9.8 Multimedia......Page 552
References......Page 553
Problems......Page 554
10.2 Traveling Wave Antennas......Page 560
10.2.1 Long Wire......Page 562
10.2.2 V Antenna......Page 571
10.2.3 Rhombic Antenna......Page 576
10.3.1 Helical Antenna......Page 577
10.3.2 Electric-Magnetic Dipole......Page 587
10.3.3 Yagi-Uda Array of Linear Elements......Page 588
10.3.4 Yagi-Uda Array of Loops......Page 608
References......Page 611
Problems......Page 613
11.1 Introduction......Page 621
11.2 Theory......Page 622
11.3.1 Planar Spiral......Page 624
11.4.1 Planar and Wire Surfaces......Page 629
11.4.2 Dipole Array......Page 633
11.4.3 Design of Dipole Array......Page 639
11.5 Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas......Page 647
11.6 Fractal Antennas......Page 651
References......Page 658
Problems......Page 660
12.2 Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens' Principle......Page 663
12.3 Radiation Equations......Page 670
12.4 Directivity......Page 672
12.5 Rectangular Apertures......Page 673
12.5.1 Uniform Distribution on an Infinite Ground Plane......Page 675
12.5.2 Uniform Distribution in Space......Page 686
12.5.3 TE_10 -Mode Distribution on an Infinite Ground Plane......Page 689
12.5.4 Beam Efficiency......Page 692
12.6 Circular Apertures......Page 693
12.6.1 Uniform Distribution on an Infinite Ground Plane......Page 695
12.6.2 TE_11 -Mode Distribution on an Infinite Ground Plane......Page 700
12.6.3 Beam Efficiency......Page 701
12.7 Design Considerations......Page 702
12.7.1 Rectangular Aperture......Page 703
12.7.2 Circular Aperture......Page 705
12.8 Babinet's Principle......Page 707
12.9 Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory......Page 711
12.9.1 Fourier Transforms-Spectral Domain......Page 712
12.9.2 Radiated Fields......Page 713
12.9.3 Asymptotic Evaluation of Radiated Field......Page 717
12.9.4 Dielectric-Covered Apertures......Page 722
12.9.5 Aperture Admittance......Page 723
12.10 Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction......Page 731
References......Page 736
Problems......Page 738
13.2 E-Plane Sectoral Horn......Page 749
13.2.1 Aperture Fields......Page 750
13.2.2 Radiated Fields......Page 753
13.2.3 Directivity......Page 761
13.3 H-Plane Sectoral Horn......Page 765
13.3.1 Aperture Fields......Page 766
13.3.2 Radiated Fields......Page 767
13.3.3 Directivity......Page 773
13.4.1 Aperture Fields, Equivalent, and Radiated Fields......Page 779
13.4.2 Directivity......Page 786
13.4.3 Design Procedure......Page 790
13.5 Conical Horn......Page 793
13.6 Corrugated Horn......Page 795
13.7 Aperture-Matched Horns......Page 802
13.8 Multimode Horns......Page 804
13.9 Dielectric-Loaded Horns......Page 807
13.10 Phase Center......Page 809
References......Page 812
Problems......Page 815
14.1 Introduction......Page 820
14.1.1 Basic Characteristics......Page 821
14.1.2 Feeding Methods......Page 822
14.1.3 Methods of Analysis......Page 824
14.2.1 Transmission-Line Model......Page 825
14.2.2 Cavity Model......Page 835
14.2.3 Directivity......Page 849
14.3 Circular Patch......Page 852
14.3.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields - TM^z_mnp......Page 853
14.3.2 Resonant Frequencies......Page 854
14.3.3 Design......Page 855
14.3.4 Equivalent Current Densities and Fields Radiated......Page 856
14.3.5 Conductance and Directivity......Page 858
14.3.6 Resonant Input Resistance......Page 860
14.4 Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency......Page 861
14.5 Input Impedance......Page 864
14.6 Coupling......Page 865
14.7 Circular Polarization......Page 868
14.8 Arrays and Feed Networks......Page 874
References......Page 881
Problems......Page 885
15.2 Plane Reflector......Page 892
15.3 Corner Reflector......Page 893
15.3.1 90Β° Corner Reflector......Page 896
15.3.2 Other Corner Reflectors......Page 899
15.4 Parabolic Reflector......Page 902
15.4.1 Front-Fed Parabolic Reflector......Page 905
15.4.2 Cassegrain Reflectors......Page 935
15.5 Spherical Reflector......Page 943
15.6 Multimedia......Page 945
References......Page 946
Problems......Page 948
16.1 Introduction......Page 954
16.2 Smart-Antenna Analogy......Page 955
16.3.1 Omnidirectional Systems......Page 956
16.3.2 Smart-Antenna Systems......Page 958
16.4 Signal Propagation......Page 963
16.5 Smart Antennas' Benefits......Page 966
16.7 Antenna......Page 967
16.7.2 Linear Array......Page 968
16.7.3 Planar Array......Page 969
16.8.1 Overview of Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) Algorithms......Page 971
16.8.2 Adaptive Beamforming......Page 975
16.8.3 Mutual Coupling......Page 978
16.8.4 Optimal Beamforming Techniques......Page 980
16.9.1 Overview of Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs)......Page 986
16.9.2 MANETs Employing Smart-Antenna Systems......Page 987
16.10.2 Single Element-Microstrip Patch Design......Page 991
16.10.3 Rectangular Patch......Page 992
16.10.4 Array Design......Page 993
16.10.5 4 Γ— 4 Planar Array versus 8 Γ— 8 Planar Array......Page 995
16.10.6 Adaptive Beamforming......Page 996
16.11 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation......Page 999
16.12 Other Geometries......Page 1002
16.13 Multimedia......Page 1003
References......Page 1004
Problems......Page 1008
17.1 Introduction......Page 1009
17.2.2 Free-Space Ranges......Page 1011
17.2.3 Compact Ranges......Page 1014
17.2.4 Near-Field/Far-Field Methods......Page 1022
17.3 Radiation Patterns......Page 1029
17.3.1 Instrumentation......Page 1031
17.3.2 Amplitude Pattern......Page 1035
17.4 Gain Measurements......Page 1036
17.4.1 Absolute-Gain Measurements......Page 1037
17.4.2 Gain-Transfer (Gain-Comparison) Measurements......Page 1041
17.5 Directivity Measurements......Page 1042
17.7 Impedance Measurements......Page 1044
17.9 Polarization Measurements......Page 1046
17.10 Scale Model Measurements......Page 1052
References......Page 1053
Appendix I......Page 1056
Appendix II......Page 1058
Appendix III......Page 1060
Appendix IV......Page 1064
Appendix V......Page 1069
VI.1 Trigonometric......Page 1080
VI.2 Hyperbolic......Page 1081
VI.3 Logarithmic......Page 1082
VII.1.1 Rectangular to Cylindrical (and Vice Versa)......Page 1083
VII.1.2 Cylindrical to Spherical (and Vice Versa)......Page 1086
VII.1.3 Rectangular to Spherical (and Vice Versa)......Page 1087
VII.2.2 Cylindrical Coordinates......Page 1088
VII.2.3 Spherical Coordinates......Page 1089
VII.3.2 Differentiation......Page 1090
VII.3.3 Integration......Page 1091
Appendix VIII......Page 1092
IX.1.2 Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Channels......Page 1097
IX.4.1 Land Mobile Systems......Page 1098
IX.5 Radar IEEE Band Designations......Page 1099
A......Page 1100
B......Page 1107
C......Page 1109
D......Page 1114
E......Page 1118
F......Page 1122
G......Page 1126
H......Page 1127
I......Page 1129
L......Page 1133
M......Page 1136
N......Page 1140
O......Page 1142
P......Page 1143
Q......Page 1147
R......Page 1148
S......Page 1153
T......Page 1158
U......Page 1162
V......Page 1163
W......Page 1164
Y......Page 1165
Z......Page 1166


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