Serum transferrin precipitated with specific antisera was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). When analyzed by MALDI, transferrin showed signal peaks that clearly could be separated from ions of IgG present in the immunoprecipitate. By ESI-MS, when the immunoprecipitates were loaded through a microcapillary polymeric reversed-phase column connected to the electrospray ionization probe, the mass spectra of transferrin were observed with a high signal-to-noise ratio and good resolution. By MALDI/TOF-MS, the observed molecular weight of normal transferrin was ~ 1.2 ku smaller when analyzed in the reflectron mode than in the linear mode. The observed molecular weight of transferrin treated with sialidase was approximately the same in both modes. A comparison between the results obtained in both modes may help to estimate the number of sialic acids on the protein molecule. A transferrin isoform with a molecular weight of ~ 2.2 ku less than the normal species was identified in the serum of patients with a carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome as well as in heavy alcohol consumers. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 1995, 6, 854-859) ecent developments in mass spectrometry with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) allow the accurate molecular mass determination of proteins at the low picomole level [1,2]. For clinical purposes protein variants have been identified by electrophoresis, but variants with the same electric charge as the native protein cannot be identified. Identification of the variants usually requires a complex and timeconsuming type of chemical analysis. However, by use of the above-mentioned recent mass spectrometry methods, identification is possible directly with the intact macromolecule. To apply these strategies for clinical diagnosis, simple and reliable methods of sample preparation are desired.