An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

✍ Scribed by John D. Winter

• Publisher: Pearson
• Year: 2001
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 796
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

For a combined, one-semester, junior/senior-level course in Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Also useful for programs that teach Igneous Petrology and Metamorphic Petrology separately.

Unlike other texts on igneous and metamorphic petrology―which are geared to either advanced or novice petrology students―this text offers unique, comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of both igneous and metamorphic petrology in a single volume and provides the quantitative and technical background required to critically evaluate igneous and metamorphic phenomena in a way that compels and encourages the more quantitatively-oriented students without leaving the others frustrated and dismayed. Providing enough background to be rigorous, without being exhaustive, it gives students good preparation in the techniques of modern petrology; a clear and organized review of the classification, textures, and approach to petrologic study; and then applies these concepts to the real occurrences of the rocks themselves. The text limits the theory to the extent that students can practice it on real occurrences―without such excessive detail that the course becomes more like chemistry than geology. The goal throughout is for students to be able to apply the techniques―and enjoy the insights of the results―rather than tinker with theory and develop everything from first principles.

✦ Table of Contents

Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1-4
Chapter 1
Some Fundamental Concepts
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE EARTH'S INTERIOR
1.3 ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE EARTH
1.4 DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EARTH
Atomic Number (Z)
1.6 METEORITES
1.7.1 The Pressure Gradient
P=pgh
Q
1.7.2 The Temperature Gradient
14
1.8 MAGMA GENERATION IN THE EARTH
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
The Interior of the Earth
The Origin of the Earth and Solar System
Meteorites
Pressure and Temperature Gradients in the Earth
Chapter 2
Classification and Nomenclature
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 COMPOSITIONAL TERMS
2.3 THE IUGS CLASSIFICATION
2.3.1 Calculations and Plotting
2.3.2 Phaneritic Rocks
2.3.3 Modifying Terms
Pyroxene
Olivine
2.3.4 Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks
2.4 APHANITIC ROCKS
(Tbl. 19-1) Plutonic melilitite Mafic ijolite Orbicular gabbro
2.5 PYROCLASTIC ROCKS
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
PROBLEM
Chapter 3
Textures of Igneous Rocks
3.1.1 Rates of Nucleation, Growth, and Diffusion
I
3.1.2 Nucleation at Preferred Sites
3.1.3 Compositional Zoning
3.1.4 Crystallization Sequence
3.1.5 Magmatic Reaction and Resorption
3.1 .6 Differential Movement of Crystals and Melt
3.1 .7 Cumulate Textures
3.1.8 Primary Twinning
3.1.9 Volcanic Textures
3.1.10 Pyroclastic Textures
3.2 SECONDARY TEXTURES:
POST-MAGMATIC CHANGES
3.2.1 Polymorphic Transformation
3.2.2 Secondary Twinning
3.2.3 Exsolution
3.2.4 Secondary Reactions and Replacement
Textures of Mafic Igneous Rocks
One or more minerals replace another, retaining the form of the original mineral.
Other forms include replacement of rims, cores, or patches of one mineral by another. Common processes include:
3.2.5 Deformation
3.3 A GLOSSARY OF IGNEOUS TEXTURAL TERMS
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 4
4.1 EXTRUSIVE, OR VOLCANIC, PROCESSES, PRODUCTS, AND LANDFORMS
4.1.1 Properties of Magma and Eruptive Styles
4.1.2 Central Vent Landforms
South
4.1.4 Lava Flow Features
54
OJ
4.1.5 Pyroclastic Deposits
Canada
I 10
West
Airborne
4.2 INTRUSIVE, OR PLUTONIC, PROCESSES AND BODIES
Fractures
4.3 HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
General Field Relationship of Igneous Rocks
Volcanism and Volcanic Land forms
Pyroclastics
Intrusions
Hydrothermal Systems
Chapter 5-11
Chapter 5
G = H - TS
AG = GD + 2GC - 3GA - 2GB
5.3.1 Variations in the Gibbs Free Energy for a Phase with Pressure and Temperature
go, is -856,300 J, so G500,298 = Gai, 298 + V(500 - 0.1) =
Temperature
Le Chatelier's Principle:
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
General Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Models for Melts
PROBLEMS
Chapter 6
D
E
F=1-1+2=2
90
6.4 ONE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS
92
6.5 TWO-COMPONENT (BINARY) SYSTEMS
6.5.1 Binary Systems with Complete Solid Solution
94
The Phase Rule and One- and Two-Component Systems
6.5.2 Binary Eutectic Systems
6.5.3 Binary Peritectic Systems
Wl. /O OIV^XO
6.5.4 The Alkali Feldspar System
1200
The Phase Rule and One- and Two-Component Systems
O
Q. .CD
1000
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
PROBLEMS
Chapter 7
7.1.1 Ternary Eutectic Systems
7.1.3 Ternary Systems with Solid Solution
Systems with More than Two Components
112
THAN THREE COMPONENTS
Calcic plagioclase
Mg-pyroxene
K-feldspar
Systems with More than Two Components
1600
Temperature
120
1 o-4
0.2
Wt. % HO
122
1.0
1.0 0.8
0.0
O
H2O
7.5.2 The Effects of CO2
Systems with More than Two Components
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
PROBLEM
Chapter 8
8.1 ANALYTICAL METHODS
8.2 ANALYTICAL RESULTS
8.3 MAJOR AND MINOR ELEMENTS IN THE CRUST
134
8.4 NORMATIVE MINERALS
8.5 VARIATION DIAGRAMS
8.5.1 Bivariate Plots
AI203 17
FeO 10 5
6 Na2O
MgO
CaO
TiOo
140
FeO + Fe2O;
D)
X
D = SP
144
Some Fundamental Concepts
8.7 MAGMA SERIES
Peralkaline
Peraluminous
Na2O + K2O + CaO
148
Some Fundamental Concepts
M
Wt. % Na2O
Some Fundamental Concepts
20
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Analytical Methods and Major Element Analysis
Variation Diagrams, Magma Series, and Classification
152
PROBLEMS
Chapter 9
9.2 MODELS FOR SOLID-MELT PROCESSES
Chemical Petrology II: Trace Elements and Isotopes
Worked Example 1: Batch Melting
9.3 THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS: A SPECIAL GROUP OF TRACE ELEMENTS
Worked Example 2: REE Diagrams
9.4 SPIDER DIAGRAMS
Average Ocean Island Basalt _
0.1
P2Og X 1 0
168
9.7.1 STABLE ISOTOPES
(180/160)sMow
10
J
CO
T«3
170
D = Nn - N
N/N0 =
% Ar released
+ (147Sm/144Nd)^
Sm-Nd Isochron, Onverwacht Group, South Africa
147Sm/144Nd
0.510
143-r
CHUR,today
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Trace Elements
Isotopes
Faure, G. (1977). Principles of Isotope Geology. John Wiley &
PROBLEMS
Chapter 10
Mantle Melting and the Generation
10.1 PETROLOGY OF THE MANTLE
I I T
O
Lherzolite
0.4 Wt.% TiO2
184
T C
600
10.2.1 Raising the Temperature
V-
10.2.3 Adding Volatiles
T C
T C
UPyrolite Mineralogy and Melting
Depth (km)
4.5 GPa
194
1000
10
1000
OIB
10
Mantle Melting and the Generation of Basaltic Magma
T C
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Mantle Petrology
Basalt Genesis
Trace Element and Isotopic Systematics of the Mantle
Chapter 11
Diversification of Magmas
11.1 PARTIAL MELTING
11.3 MAGMA MIXING
11.4 ASSIMILATION
CD
11.5 BOUNDARY LAYERS,
IN SITU CRYSTALLIZATION,
AND COMPOSITIONAL CONVECTION
11.6 MIXED PROCESSES
11.7 TECTONIC-IGNEOUS ASSOCIATIONS
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
PROBLEM
Diversification of Magmas
11.2 MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION
11.2.1 Fractional Crystallization
9T,
11.2.2 Volatile Transport
SJ^&y. !72?<? sJlJf&te m&)t eomjztojyly crysteflj^z&s to J2 mixture
EX PLANATION
Very coarse-grained perthlte
11.2.3 Liquid Immiscibility
Chapter 11-21
Chapter 11
Diversification of Magmas
11.1 PARTIAL MELTING
11.2 MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION
11.2.1 Fractional Crystallization
Diversification of Magmas
204
9T,
Diversification of Magmas
206
SJ^&y. !72?<? sJlJf&te m&)t eomjztojyly crysteflj^z&s to J2 mixture
EX PLANATION
Very coarse-grained perthlte
11.4 ASSIMILATION
CD
IN SITU CRYSTALLIZATION,
AND COMPOSITIONAL CONVECTION
11.6 MIXED PROCESSES
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
PROBLEM
Chapter 12
Layered Mafic Intrusions
12.1 IGNEOUS LAYERING
U
12.3 THE PROCESSES OF CRYSTALLIZATION,
DIFFERENTIATION, AND LAYERING IN LMIs
Water infiltration
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Layered Intrusions
Magma Chamber Processes
Chapter 13
Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
13.1 VOLCANISM AT CONSTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARIES
Layered gabbro
Ultramafics
0.2 0.1
10
O
CO O
J 3000
CO
1000
Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
13.5 MORB TRACE ELEMENT
AND ISOTOPE CHEMISTRY
13.6 PETROGENESIS OF MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALTS
Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
256
5 km
N-MORB
Deval
Horizontal distance (km)
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
PROBLEM
Chapter 14
Oceanic Intraplate Volcanism
14.1 INTRAPLATE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
14.2 TYPES OF OIB MAGMAS
264
Oxide
Basalt
Oceanic Intraplate Volcanism
OS
10
55 SKX
14.4 OIB TRACE ELEMENT CHEMISTRY
10
14.5.1 Sr and Nd Isotopes
Key
14.5.2 Pb Isotopes
238TJ > 234JJ ^ 206pb
235U -»207Pb
NHRL
T74
14.6 PETROGENESIS OF OIBs
SUGGESTER FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 15
Continental Flood Basalts
A'A
CaO
CD
T3
= 10
1000
100
10
Mg#
10F
DO
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 16
^Cascade
16.1 ISLAND ARC VOLCANISM
Calc-alkaHne
15
16.4 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN ARCS
16.5 PETROGRAPHY OF ISLAND ARC VOLCANICS
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity
304
16.6 ISLAND ARC TRACE ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY
20
T3 O
50
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity
16.7 ISLAND ARC ISOTOPES
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity
16.8 PETROGENES1S OF ISLAND ARC MAGMAS
A
A
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity
T C
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 17
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 THE VOLCANIC ANDES OF SOUTH AMERICA
CD DC O
Pb/^Pb
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity Part II: Continental Arcs
17.2.2 Petrogenesis of Andean Volcanic Rocks
0.705
• • r
20
ATM
Mantle-MORB
A 8/4
Mantle-MORB
11 -
Mantle-MORB
17.3 THE CASCADES OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity Part II: Continental Arcs
10
4g
43C 42
Volcanics
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity Part II: Continental Arcs
206pb/204pb and lower 207pb/204pb ^ ^ Lima segment are
17.4.2 Volcanic/Plutonic Equivalence
17A3 Across-Axis Batholith Variations
(a) Peruvian Margin
DePaolo and Farmer, 1984), S18O (Taylor, 1986), and Pb
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity Part II: Continental Arcs
Subduction-Related Igneous Activity Part II: Continental Arcs
342
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Continental Arc Volcanics
Continental Arc Intrusives
Chapter 18
Granitoid Rocks
344
18.3 CRUSTAL MELTING
348
CO
0.01
18.4 GRANITOID CLASSIFICATION
T C
18.5 CHEMICAL DISCRIMINATION OF TECTONIC GRANITOIDS
100
10
ORG
18.7 ORIGIN OF THE CONTINENTAL CRUST
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 19
Continental Alkaline Magmatism
19.1.1 The East African Rift System
366
19.1.3 Chemistry of East African Rift Volcanics
Continental Alkaline Magmatism
40
38
.015.7 CL
N
19.1.6 Trends in East African Rift Magmatism
19.1.7 Magma Evolution in the East African Rift
372
374
19.2 CARBONATITES
Alternative
19.2.2 Carbonatite Occurrences
Continental Alkaline Magmatism
19.2.4 Carbonatite Chemistry
19.2.5 The Origin of Carbonatites
380
19.2.6 The Natrocarbonatite Problem
19.2.7 The Source of Volatiles in the Mantle
19.3.1 Lamproites
Table 19-6 Lamproite Nomenclature
15.8
Smoky Butte g/
19.3.2 Lamprophyres
Continental Alkaline Magmatism
Continental Alkaline Magmatism
§ 100
1000
I
Continental Alkaline Magmatism
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
General Alkaline Rocks
Carbonatites
Lamproites and Lamprophyres
Kimberlites
Dawson, J. B. (1980). Kimberlites and their Xenoliths. Springer
Proceedings of the Kimberlite Conferences
Chapter 20
Anorthosites
402
Anorthosites
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
20.1.2 The Parent Liquid of Archean Anorthosites
20.1.3 Petrogenesis of Archean Anorthosites
20.2 PROTEROZOIC ANORTHOSITES
404
20.2.2 The Parent Liquid of Proterozoic Anorthosites
20.2.4 Lunar Anorthosites
Chapter 21
An Introduction to Metamorphism
21.1 The Limits of Metamorphism
21.2 Metamorphic Agents and Changes
21.2.1 Temperature
21.2.2 Pressure
21.2.3 Deviatoric Stress
An Introduction to Metamorphism
21.2.4 Metamorphic Fluids
21.3 THE TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
Regional Metamorphism
21.3.1 Contact Metamorphism
An Introduction to Metamorphism
21.3 THE TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
Regional Metamorphism
21.3.1 Contact Metamorphism
An Introduction to Metamorphism
An Introduction to Metamorphism
21.3.3 Fault-Zone and Impact Metamorphism
422
21.5 TYPES OF PROTOLITH
An Introduction to Metamorphism
21.6 SOME EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHISM
424
0.8
0.2
Temperature C
21.6.3 Paired Orogenic Metatnorphic Belts of japan
An Introduction to Metamorphism
Periclase
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 22-30
Chapter 22
22.1 FOLIATED AND LINEATED ROCKS
434
RATE OF RECOVERY
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 23
"T
23.2 TEXTURES OF CONTACT METAMORPHISM
The Crystalloblastic Series
Most Euhedral
Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
23.3.1 Shear Sense Indicators
O
METAMORPHIC TEXTURES
454
23.4.1 Tectonites, Foliations, and Lineations
Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
23.5 CRYSTALLOGRAPHICALLY CONTROLLED INCLUSIONS
O
23.6 REPLACEMENT TEXTURES AND REACTION RIMS
Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
General Textural Terms:
Non-Foliated Texture:
Textures of Dynamic Metamorphism:
Textures of Dynamic Metamorphism:
Texture of Regional Metamorphism:
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Barker, A. J. (1990). Introduction to Metamorphic Textures and
Chapter 24
0.4
V)
0.1
24.3 CHEMOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS
A = A103/2
C= CaO
F = FeO + MgO
F
Anthophyllite, Opx
K= KO
F = FeO + MgO
24.3.2 Projections in Chemographic Diagrams
Stable Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks
(Q)-B-X-C
(Q)-A-X-C
Stable Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks
Stable Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks
K
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Chapter 25
25.1 METAMORPHIC FACIES
496
498
Q_
25.3.2 Mafic Assemblages of the Medium P/T Series: Greenschist, Amphibolite, and Granulite Facies
Amphibolite Facies
25.3.4 Mafic Assemblages of the High P/T Series: Blueschist and Eclogite Facies
Blueschist Facies
CD
CO
0 Q. 0.8
100
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series
Metamorphism of Mafic Rocks
P-T-t Paths
Chapter 26
26.1 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS
Temperature C
26.3 SOLID-SOLID NET-TRANSFER REACT )NS
Q_ O
H,0
CO,
I
CO,
Qtz
Cal
CO,
cd
CD Q.
Mg / (Fe + Mg)
O)
En
A+B=C+D
A + B+ ... = C+ D+ ...
Temperature
Q
2H+
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
534
PROBLEMS
Chapter 27
G= H- TS
~~ n reactants Greactantsj
27.1 CALCULATING THE LOCATION
536
Albite
CO CD
v px
AFe
2A + 3B = C + 4D
Q_ CD
AG= A#- 7AS
\S /R -
T C
T - 500 C = 0.14
Biotite
T~800 C
Biotite
1.5
Temperature
P(MPa) = 2.28 r( C) - 109.3
AG= 0 = -48,357 + 150.66 T(K)
27.4.4 Calculating P-T-t Paths from Zoned Crystals
Garnet
Temperature C
Fe-Mg exchange
Ni-(Fe-Mg) exchange
Fe-Mg exchange
27.5 SOURCES OF DATA AND PROGRAMS
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
General Thermodynamics
560
Geochemistry (Especially Ionic Species)
Geothermobarometry
Solution Models for Minerals
PROBLEMS
Calcite + Quartz
Wollastonite
Qtz
KTtnK
Chapter 28
A
Ky
Bt
L
28.4 PARTIAL MELTING OF PELITES
A.Ky
AAKy
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
PROBLEMS
Chapter 29
SiO
O
SiO
594
O
1
I
X
CO,
CO,
XL
HO
E
CO2
Ankerite zone
Biotite zone
Amphibole zone
Act + An + H2O + CO2
Zoisite zone
Diopside zone
CO
17 Chr = 3 Brc + Atg
Tic + 2 En = Ath
Brc = Per + H,O
ADDITIONAL REACTIONS
IN THE CaO-MgO-SiO2-H2O-CO2 SYSTEM:
SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
Calcareous Rocks
Ultramafic Rocks
PROBLEMS
Chapter 30
30.1.1 The Nature of Metamorphic Fluids
CO
T C
610
30.2.2 J. B. Thompson's Metasomatic Column
Enstatite
D)
30.2.5 Examples of Metasomatism: Calcareous Skarns
P-Si00
an introduction to
igneous and
metamorphic
petrology
ohn D. winter
An Introduction to
Igneous
An Introduction to
Igneous
John D. Winter
EB00062387
Prentice Hall
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
isbn 0-13-21*03142-0
VI
Contents
VII
Preface
XVll
XIX
XX
Preface
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The CIPW Norm
References
Index