Agro-Product Processing Technology: principles and practice

✍ Scribed by Bala, B K

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 420
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Global food security is a challenging issue to meet the food and nutritional requirements and has become an issue for national policymakers and public concern. There is a need to enhance agricultural production as well as to reduce the postharvest loss, improve the quality of the processed products, and add value to the products to make more quality food available. Agro- product processing technology plays the major role to reduce the post-harvest losses, improve the quality of processed products, and add value to the products. This would also generate employment and ultimately contribute to food security.

Features:

 Covers wide spectrum of agro-product processing technology  Explains the principles and practices of agro-product processing technology with a good number of worked examples to learn the basic principles quickly through examples  Contains examples from different operations on current problems to show the wide applications of principles of agro-product technology  Includes process control and emerging technologies in agro-product processing such as energy and exergy analysis, neural network modeling, and CFD modeling
This book deals with physical and thermal properties, cleaning and sorting, drying and storage, parboiling and milling, by-product utilization, heating and cooling, refrigerated cooling, and cold storage. The unique feature of this book is the machine vision for grading fruits, process control and materials handling, and emerging technologies such as neural network, finite element, CFD, and genetic algorithm.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
Author......Page 20
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.3 Importance of Postharvest Losses......Page 23
1.4 Postharvest Technology......Page 24
References......Page 26
2.2.2 1000-Grain Weight......Page 28
2.2.4 Shrinkage......Page 29
2.2.5.1 Angle of Internal Friction and Angle of Repose......Page 30
2.2.5.2 Coefficient of Friction......Page 31
2.3.1 Specific Heat......Page 32
2.3.2.1 Theory......Page 34
2.3.2.2 Apparatus and Measurement......Page 35
2.3.3 Latent Heat of Vaporization......Page 36
2.3.3.1 Determination of Latent Heat of Vaporization......Page 37
2.3.4 Heat Transfer Coefficient of Product Bed......Page 39
2.3.4.2 Comparison of Theory and Experiment......Page 40
2.3.4.3 Theory......Page 41
2.3.4.4 Determination of Volumetric Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 43
Key to Symbols......Page 45
Exercises......Page 47
References......Page 48
3.1 Grade Factor......Page 50
3.4 Sorting Grain......Page 51
3.5 Spiral Separator......Page 53
3.7 Color Separator......Page 54
3.8.1 Stokes’ Equation......Page 55
3.10 The Cream Separator......Page 56
3.11 Cyclone Separator......Page 57
3.12.1.1 Computer Vision System......Page 60
3.12.2 Preprocessing......Page 61
3.12.3 Segmentation......Page 62
3.12.4.1 Color Features......Page 63
3.12.4.3 Texture Features......Page 64
3.12.5 Classification......Page 65
Bibliography......Page 66
4.2 Psychrometric Terms......Page 68
4.2.2 Relative Humidity......Page 69
4.2.7 Wet-Bulb Temperature......Page 70
4.2.8 Enthalpy......Page 71
4.2.9 Adiabatic Wet-Bulb Temperature......Page 72
4.2.10 Psychrometric Wet-Bulb Temperature......Page 73
4.4 Use of Psychrometric Chart......Page 75
4.4.2 Heating with Humidification......Page 76
4.4.4 Cooling with Dehumidification......Page 77
4.4.5 Drying......Page 78
4.4.6 Mixing of Airstreams......Page 80
4.4.7 Heat Addition with Air Mixing......Page 82
4.4.8 Drying with Recirculation......Page 83
Key to Symbols......Page 87
Bibliography......Page 89
5.2 Importance of Drying......Page 90
5.3.1 Moisture Content Representation......Page 91
5.3.2 Determination of Moisture Content......Page 93
5.3.2.1 Direct Methods......Page 94
5.3.2.2 Indirect Methods......Page 96
5.4 Equilibrium Moisture Content......Page 97
5.4.2 Static Equilibrium Moisture Content Models......Page 98
5.5 Mechanism of Drying......Page 103
5.6.1.2 Theoretical Drying Equations......Page 105
5.6.1.3 Semi-Theoretical Drying Equations......Page 106
5.6.3 Drying Parameters......Page 108
5.6.4.1 Drying Rate Constant......Page 109
5.6.5 Half Response Time......Page 112
5.7.1 Logarithmic Model......Page 113
5.7.2 Partial Differential Equation Model......Page 119
5.7.2.1 Method of Solution......Page 123
5.8 Fluidized Bed Drying Model......Page 124
5.8.2 Drying Rate Equation......Page 125
5.8.3 Mass Balance Equation......Page 126
5.9.1.1 Solar Dryers......Page 127
5.9.2 Batch Drying Systems......Page 131
5.9.2.1 Flatbed Dryer......Page 132
5.9.3.2 Cross-Flow Batch Dryer......Page 134
5.9.3.4 Counterflow Dryer......Page 135
5.9.3.5 Mixed-Flow Dryer......Page 137
5.11 Selection of Dryers......Page 138
Key to Symbols......Page 139
Exercises......Page 140
Bibliography......Page 141
6.1 Introduction......Page 144
6.3 Soaking......Page 145
6.3.1 Kinetics of Soaking......Page 147
6.3.2 Finite Element Modeling of Soaking of Water by Paddy......Page 153
6.3.4 Kinetics of Water Diffusion and Starch Gelatinization......Page 158
6.5 Drying......Page 161
6.6 Effect of Parboiling on Milling, Nutritional, and Cooking Qualities of Rice......Page 162
6.7.2 Modern Methods......Page 163
6.7.2.4 Schule Process......Page 164
6.7.3.2 Steaming Operation......Page 165
6.7.3.3 Drying Operation......Page 166
Exercises......Page 180
Bibliography......Page 181
7.3.1 Home Pounding......Page 184
7.3.4 Rubber Roll Sheller Mills......Page 185
7.4 The Modern Rice Milling Process......Page 186
7.5.3 Rubber Roll Sheller......Page 188
7.5.4 Paddy Separator......Page 190
7.5.5.1 Cone-Type Polisher......Page 192
7.5.5.3 Friction-Type Polisher......Page 193
7.5.7 Rice Grader......Page 194
7.6.2 Milling......Page 195
7.7.1 Sieve......Page 196
7.7.2 Fineness Modulus......Page 197
7.7.3 Energy Requirements......Page 198
Bibliography......Page 200
8.2 Fuels and Combustion......Page 202
8.2.1 Furnaces......Page 203
8.3.1 Pyrolysis (Destructive Distillation) and Gasification......Page 204
8.3.2 Types of Gasifiers......Page 205
8.3.3 Gasification Process......Page 206
8.3.4 Gasifier Units......Page 207
8.4 Liquefaction......Page 208
8.5 Hydrolysis Followed by Fermentation......Page 210
8.6.1 Biochar Carbonizer......Page 211
8.6.2 Types of Carbonizers......Page 212
8.7 Rice Husk Pelletizing and Briquetting......Page 213
8.7.3 Types of Briquetting Machines......Page 214
8.7.3.2 Screw Press......Page 215
8.7.4 Applications......Page 216
8.8 Biogas Digesters......Page 217
8.8.2 Indian-Type Biogas Digester......Page 218
8.8.3 The Chinese Biogas Digester......Page 219
8.8.4 Digester Sizing......Page 220
8.9 Composting......Page 223
8.9.2 Mixing of Materials in the Compost......Page 224
8.9.5 Simple Thermophile Composting Procedure......Page 225
8.9.6 Types of Composters......Page 226
8.12 Oil Extraction......Page 228
Bibliography......Page 229
9.1 Principles of Storage......Page 230
9.2 Interactions of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Variables in the Deterioration of Stored Grains......Page 232
9.3 Computer Simulation Modeling for Stored Grain Pest Management......Page 233
9.4.1 Traditional Storage Systems......Page 234
9.4.2.1 Bagged Storage System......Page 235
9.4.2.2 Silo Storage System......Page 236
9.4.2.3 Airtight Grain Storage......Page 237
9.4.2.4 Aerated Storage System......Page 239
9.4.2.5 Low-Temperature Storage System (Grain Chilling by Refrigeration)......Page 242
9.4.2.6 Controlled Atmosphere Storage Systems......Page 245
9.4.2.7 Damp Grain Storage System with Chemicals......Page 247
9.5.1 Structural Requirements......Page 249
9.5.2 Janssen’s Equation......Page 250
9.5.3 Rankine’s Equation......Page 253
9.5.4 Airy’s Equation......Page 254
9.5.5 Construction Materials......Page 257
Key to Symbols......Page 261
Bibliography......Page 262
10.1 Introduction......Page 266
10.2.1.1 The Differential Equation of Heat Conduction in Cartesian Coordinate System......Page 267
10.2.1.2 The Differential Equation of Heat Conduction in Cylindrical Coordinate System......Page 269
10.2.2 The Composite Wall......Page 270
10.2.3 Cylinder and Sphere......Page 272
10.3.1 Forced Convection......Page 273
10.3.2 Natural or Free Convection......Page 276
10.3.3 Heat Exchangers......Page 277
10.4 Radiation......Page 282
10.4.1 Radiation Intensity and Shape Factor......Page 284
10.4.2 Radiation Exchange between Black Surfaces......Page 285
10.4.3 Heat Exchange by Radiation between Gray Surfaces......Page 286
10.5.1 Cooling Rate......Page 288
10.6.1 Freezing Point Depression......Page 290
10.7 Heating......Page 292
10.7.1 Boiling-Point Elevation......Page 293
Key to Symbols......Page 296
Exercises......Page 297
Bibliography......Page 298
11.1 Introduction......Page 300
11.3 Pressure–Enthalpy (p-h) Chart......Page 301
11.4.1 Desirable Characteristics of Refrigerants......Page 302
11.5 Construction of Psychrometric Chart......Page 308
11.6.1.2 Adequate Strength......Page 312
11.6.1.6 Long-Term Storage......Page 313
11.7 Cooling Requirement......Page 314
Exercises......Page 318
Bibliography......Page 319
12.2.1 Absorption......Page 320
12.2.2.1 Rate of Extraction......Page 321
12.2.2.2 Leaching......Page 322
12.2.3.1 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium......Page 324
12.2.3.2 Flash Vaporization......Page 326
12.2.3.3 Batch Distillation......Page 327
12.2.3.4 Fractionation......Page 328
12.2.3.5 Steam Distillation......Page 332
12.3.1 Filtration......Page 333
12.3.2.1 Sedimentation for Low Concentration Suspensions......Page 335
12.3.2.2 Sedimentation for High Concentration Suspensions......Page 336
12.3.3.1 Rate Separation......Page 337
12.3.3.2 Liquid-Liquid Separation......Page 338
12.3.3.3 Particle Gas Separation......Page 339
Bibliography......Page 340
13.1 Introduction......Page 342
13.3 Classification of Materials Handling Equipment......Page 343
13.4 Belt Conveyors......Page 344
13.4.2 Belt Width......Page 346
13.4.4 Belt Tension......Page 347
13.4.7 Motor Power......Page 348
13.4.8 Selection of Idlers......Page 349
13.5.1 Trolley Chain Conveyor......Page 350
13.5.3 Apron Chain Conveyor......Page 351
13.6 Screw Conveyors......Page 352
13.6.1 Power Requirement for Screw Conveyors......Page 353
13.7 Bucket Conveyors......Page 354
13.8 Pneumatic Conveyors......Page 355
13.9 Hydraulic Conveyors......Page 358
13.13 Robotic Handling System......Page 359
Exercises......Page 369
Bibliography......Page 370
14.3 Block Diagrams......Page 372
14.4.1 First-Order System......Page 373
14.4.2 Step Input......Page 374
14.4.4 Sinusoidal Input......Page 375
14.4.5 Second-Order System......Page 376
14.5 The Laplace Transform......Page 377
14.6 Transfer Function......Page 379
14.6.1 Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion......Page 380
14.7.1 Performance of Second-Order System......Page 382
14.8 Frequency Response......Page 383
14.8.1.1 First-Order Process K (ts+1)......Page 384
14.8.1.3 Second-Order Process G(s) K 2s2 =......Page 385
14.8.1.4 Process Zero s +1......Page 386
14.8.1.5 Time Delay e-j......Page 387
14.8.1.7 Gain Margin and Phase Margin......Page 388
14.8.2 Nyquist Criterion......Page 389
14.9.2 Proportional–Integral Controller......Page 390
14.9.5 Parallel PID Controller......Page 391
14.9.7 Series PID Controller with a Derivative Filter......Page 392
Exercises......Page 394
Bibliography......Page 395
15.2 Neural Network Modeling......Page 396
15.2.1 Structure of ANN Model of a Dryer......Page 397
15.2.2 Training of ANN Model......Page 398
15.3.2 Exergy Analysis through the Analysis of Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 399
15.3.3 Exergy Calculation for Dryer......Page 400
15.4 Finite Element Modeling of Single Kernel......Page 401
15.5.1 CFD Model Formulation......Page 406
15.5.1.4 User-Defined Function......Page 407
15.5.2.1 Preprocessing......Page 408
15.5.2.3 Post-processing......Page 409
15.6.2 Genetic Algorithm......Page 411
15.6.2.3 Genetic Algorithm Procedure for Optimal Drying Parameters......Page 412
Key to Symbols......Page 414
Bibliography......Page 415
Index......Page 418