Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Sustainable Energy Strategies Series Preface
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 What Are Nonthermal Sources for Power Generation?
1.2 Wind Power
1.3 Hydropower
1.4 Fuel Cells for Power Generation
1.5 Multifunctional and Hybrid Fuel Cells
1.6 Self-Powered Electrochemical Systems and Nanogenerators
1.7 Organization of this Book
References
Chapter 2 Advanced Wind Power Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Advances in the Wind Turbines and Associated Hardware
2.2.1 Growth in Wind Turbine
2.2.2 Progress on Rotor and Blades
2.2.3 Advances in Tower Height
2.3 Advances in the Wind Energy Conversion Technologies and Associated Electrical Components
2.3.1 Advances in Electrical Components
2.4 Advanced Control Methodologies for Wind Turbine and Wind Energy Conversion System
2.5 Perspectives on Maintenance and Operational Issues
2.6 Costs and their Possible Improvements
2.7 Offshore Wind Energy
2.7.1 Types of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations
2.7.2 Pros and Cons of Onshore vs. Offshore Turbines
2.8 Floating Wind Turbine
2.8.1 Main Classification of Floaters
2.8.2 Typical Examples of Various Floating Platform Designs
2.8.3 Limitations and Problems for FOWT
2.8.4 Economics of Floating Wind Energy System
2.8.5 Single Wind Turbine Versus Multi Wide Wind Turbine Floating Platforms
2.9 Airborne Wind Energy
2.9.1 Classifications of Airborne Wind Energy Systems
2.10 Perspectives on Technological Challenges and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 3 Advances in Hydroelectricity
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Advances in Small Hydropower
3.2.1 Advanced Turbines for Small-Scale Hydropower
3.2.2 Advances in Micro-Hydropower
3.3 Advances in Hydroturbines and Rotor–Turbine–Generator Assembly
3.3.1 Current-Controlled Segmented Generator Rotors for Better Dynamic Control
3.3.2 Advanced Fish-Friendly and High Water Quality Hydroelectric Turbines
3.4 Digitalization of Hydropower Operation
3.5 Variable-Speed Hydropower Generation
3.6 Advances in Hydroelectric Power Storage
3.6.1 Closed-Loop Systems Versus Open-Loop Systems
3.6.2 Innovative Approaches for PSH
3.6.3 Integrated Virtual Reservoirs and Hybrid Storage Systems
3.7 Hybrid Hydropower
3.7.1 Global Potential of Hybrid FPV-Hydropower
3.7.2 Hybrid PSH and Wind Plant
3.7.3 Theoretical Analysis of Other Hybrid Hydropower Systems
3.8 Power From Hydrokinetic Energy From Rivers
3.8.1 Assessment of Technologies and Mechanisms
3.8.2 Assessment of Potentials and Commercialization
3.9 Power From Ocean—Marine Energy
3.9.1 Power From Salinity Gradient
3.9.2 Ocean Thermal Gradient Conversion to Power
3.9.3 Power From Tidal Energy
3.9.4 Power From Ocean—Wave Energy
3.10 Far-Reaching Innovations in Hydropower
References
Chapter 4 Advances in Fuel Cells for Power Generation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell Technology
4.2.1 Anionic Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (AEMFC)
4.2.2 Microphase Separation
4.2.3 Low-Cost Anion-Exchange Membrane Electrolysis for Large-Scale Hydrogen Production
4.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
4.3.1 Passive Small Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells for Low-Power Portable Applications
4.4 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
4.4.1 Membrane–Electrode Assembly
4.4.2 Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM)
4.4.3 Gas Diffusion Layer
4.4.4 Catalyst Layer
4.4.5 Catalyst Support
4.4.6 Bipolar Plate
4.4.7 Flow Channel
4.4.8 Thermal and Water Management
4.4.9 High-Temperature Proton-Exchange Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC)
4.4.10 Future Perspectives
4.5 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
4.5.1 Applications of PAFC
4.6 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
4.6.1 Molten Salt DCFC
4.6.2 Molten Carbonate DCFC
4.6.3 Oxygen-Ion Conducting Ceramic Fuel Cell
4.6.4 Fuels for DCFC
4.6.5 Benefits and Drawbacks of Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
4.6.6 Applications of DCFC
4.6.7 Future Perspectives
4.7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
4.7.1 Materials for Electrolytes
4.7.2 Materials for Anode Systems
4.7.3 Materials for Cathode Systems
4.7.4 Applications of Nanomaterials for SOFCs
4.7.5 Mechanisms for Component Degradation in SOFC
4.7.6 SOFC Configurations and Commercialization
References
Chapter 5 Advances in Multi-Functional and Hybrid Fuel Cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Multi-Functional MCFC System
5.2.1 Role of MCFC for CO[sub(2)] Capture
5.2.2 Chemistry within MCFC
5.2.3 CO[sub(2)] Capture From NGCC Flue Gas
5.2.4 CO[sub(2)] Capture with Both Power and Hydrogen Productions
5.2.5 Techno-Economic Comparison of CCGT with Post-Combustion CO[sub(2)] Capture Using Amine and MCFC
5.3 Multi-Functional Regenerative FC Systems
5.3.1 Unitized Reversible FC
5.4 Hybrid FC Systems
5.4.1 Hybrid FC–Gas Turbine Systems
5.4.2 Hybrid SOFC–TPV System
5.4.3 Hybrid SOFC–PEMFC Power Plant
5.4.4 Hybrid Options for Dynamic Control of SOFC
5.4.5 Hybrid PEMFC–Wind Power System
5.4.6 Hybrid Fuel-Cell–PV Power System
5.4.7 Hybrid FC–Battery System
5.4.8 Hybrid FC–Solar Panel–Battery System
5.4.9 Novel Hybrid Biomass-Driven FC–Solar Thermal System
5.5 Use of FC for Sustainable Microgrid Operations
5.5.1 Microgrids for Hybrid FC Systems
5.6 Multi-Functional MFC
5.6.1 Multi-Functional Characteristics of MFC
5.6.2 Role of Anode Modification
5.6.3 Role of Cathode Catalyst Modification
5.6.4 Role of Microorganism
5.6.5 Role of Substrate
5.6.6 Role of Membrane
5.6.7 Role of Operating Conditions and Mediators
5.6.8 Role of Cell Configuration
5.6.9 MFC Commercialization and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 6 Self-Powered Electrochemical Systems and Nanogenerators
6.1 Introduction
6.2 TENG Nanogenerator
6.2.1 TENG Operation Modes
6.2.2 Use of TENG for Harvesting Mechanical Energy
6.2.3 Use of TENG for Various Types of Sensors
6.2.4 Practical Applications of TENG
6.2.5 Choice of Materials and Surface Structures for TENG
6.2.6 Direct Current Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Electrostatic Breakdown
6.2.7 Output Enhancement Strategies for TENGs
6.2.8 Perspectives on Future Directions for TENG
6.3 EMG
6.3.1 E-TENG
6.4 PENG Nanogenerator
6.4.1 Mechanism
6.4.2 Geometrical Configuration
6.4.3 Materials
6.4.4 Applications of PENG
6.5 PyENG
6.5.1 Mechanism for PyENG
6.5.2 Applications of PyENG
6.6 Hybrid Cells for the Concurrent Harvesting of Multiple Energy Types
6.6.1 Hybrid Cells for the Harvesting of Solar and Mechanical Energy
6.6.2 Hybrid Cells for the Harvesting of Biomechanical and Biochemical Energy
6.6.3 Hybrid Cells for the Harvesting of Solar and Thermal Energy
6.7 Hybrid Nanogenerators
6.7.1 TENG-Based Hybrid Generators for Outdoor Applications
6.7.2 TENG-Based Hybrid Generators for Indoor Applications
6.7.3 TENG-Based Hybrid Generators on Human Bodies
6.8 Power Management and Energy Storage
6.8.1 Power Management
6.8.2 Energy Storage
6.9 Functional and Self-Sustainable Hybridized Systems
6.10 Future Prospects
References
Index