Solar Receivers For Thermal Power Generation. Fundamentals and Advanced Concepts

✍ Scribed by Amos Madhlopa

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 434
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Solar Receivers for Thermal Power Generation
Solar Receivers for Thermal Power Generation: Fundamentals and Advanced Concepts
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 - Introduction to concentrating solar power
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Sustainable production of electricity
1.1.2 Photovoltaic technology
1.1.3 Concentrating solar power
1.2 Concentrator
1.2.1 Classification of concentrators
1.2.2 Concentration ratio
Example 1.1
Solution
1.3 Solar receiver
1.3.1 Energy balance of solar receiver
1.3.2 Heat classification and operation of solar receivers
1.4 Enhancement of capacity factor
1.4.1 Thermal storage
1.4.2 Backup heating
1.5 Power block
1.5.1 Carnot cycle
Example 1.2
Solution
1.5.2 Rankine cycle
1.5.3 Gas turbine
1.5.4 Stirling cycle
1.5.5 Kalina cycle
1.6 Overall system efficiency
1.6.1 Optical efficiency
1.6.2 Efficiency of solar receivers
Example 1.3
Solution
1.6.4 Efficiency of electric generators
1.6.5 System efficiency
Example 1.4
Solution
1.7 Common types of concentrating solar power technology
1.7.1 Parabolic trough concentrator
1.7.2 Linear Fresnel reflector
1.7.3 Solar tower
1.7.4 Parabolic dish concentrator
Nomenclature
References
2 - Solar radiation resource
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Source of solar radiation
2.2.1 The sun
2.2.2 Solar constant
2.3 Components of solar radiation
2.3.1 Beam and diffuse radiation
2.3.2 Direct normal irradiance
2.4 Position of the sun and direction of beam radiation
Example 2.1
Solution
2.5 Extraterrestrial radiation and solar radiation on inclined surfaces
2.6 Available solar radiation on the earth's surface
2.7 Attenuation of solar radiation when incident on opaque and transparent surfaces
Example 2.2
Solution
Nomenclature
References
3 - Classification of solar receivers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geometric design
3.2.1 Tubular receivers
3.2.2 Volumetric receivers
3.2.3 Microchannels
3.2.4 Linear and point focus receivers
3.2.5 External and cavity solar receivers
3.3 Adaptable heat transfer media
3.3.1 Gas solar receivers
3.3.2 Liquid solar receivers
3.3.3 Particle solar receivers
3.3.3.1 Free-falling particle receivers
3.3.3.2 Obstructed particle receivers
3.3.3.3 Rotary/centrifugal receivers
3.3.3.4 Confined fluidized bed receivers
3.3.3.5 Gravity-driven particle flow through enclosures
References
4 - Optical properties of materials for solar receivers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transmission of radiation through transparent materials
4.2.1 Reflection and absorption of beam radiation
Example 4.1
Solution
Example 4.2
Solution
4.2.2 Optical properties of transparent covers
Example 4.3
Solution
4.2.3 Transmission of diffuse radiation
4.2.4 Transmittance–absorptance product
4.2.5 Spectral dependence of transmittance
4.2.6 Transparent selective surface
4.3 Opaque materials
4.3.1 Absorptance and emittance
4.3.2 Reflectance
4.3.3 Functional relationships among absorptance, emittance, and reflectance
4.3.4 Selective absorber surfaces
4.3.5 Computation of absorptance and emittance
Example 4.4
Solution
4.3.6 Measurement of surface radiation
4.3.7 Angular dependence of absorptance of solar radiation
4.3.8 Absorptance of external and cavity solar receivers
Nomenclature
References
5 - Characteristics of heat transfer media
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Required characteristics of heat transfer fluids
5.1.1.1 Working temperature range and thermal stability
5.1.1.2 Heat transfer properties
5.1.1.3 Working pressure
5.1.1.4 Operational aspects
5.1.1.5 Affordability of materials
5.1.2 Wall-to-fluid coefficient of convective heat transfer
Example 5.1
Solution
5.2 Conventional heat transfer media
5.2.1 Water/steam
5.2.2 Gases
5.2.2.1 Air
5.2.2.2 Carbon dioxide
5.2.2.3 Helium
5.2.2.4 Hydrogen
5.2.3 Molten salts
5.2.4 Thermal oil
5.3 Advanced heat transfer media
5.3.1 Supercritical cycles
5.3.1.1 Supercritical steam
5.3.1.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide
5.3.2 Liquid metals
5.3.2.1 Liquid sodium
5.3.2.2 Lead-bismuth eutectic
5.3.2.3 Gallium
5.3.3 Nanofluids
5.3.3.1 Preparation of nanofluids
5.3.3.2 Application of nanofluids in solar receivers
5.3.4 Suspended solid particles
Example 5.2
Solution
Nomenclature
References
6 - Concepts of thermal energy storage and solar receivers
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Classification of thermal energy storage concepts
6.1.2 Characteristics of thermal energy storage media and systems
6.1.2.1 Thermophysical properties
6.1.2.2 Economic and environmental characteristics
6.1.2.3 Safety and health hazard
6.1.2.4 Summary of required characteristics of thermal energy storage materials
6.1.3 Benefits of integrating concentrating solar power with thermal energy storage
6.2 Sensible thermal energy storage concepts
6.2.1 Liquid thermal energy storage
Example 6.1
Solution
6.2.1.1 Low-temperature water systems
6.2.1.2 High-temperature water systems
Example 6.2
Solution
6.2.1.3 Thermal oil systems
6.2.1.4 Molten salt systems
6.2.1.5 Liquid sodium
6.2.2 Sensible heat storage in solids
6.2.2.1 Materials
6.2.2.2 Heat transfer concepts
6.2.2.3 Packed bed storage system
6.2.2.4 High temperature indirect contact concrete storage systems
6.3 Latent thermal energy storage
6.3.1 Materials
6.3.1.1 Paraffins
6.3.1.2 Salt hydrates
6.3.1.3 Anhydrous salts
6.3.2 Heat transfer concepts
6.4 High-temperature latent heat storage applications
6.5 Thermochemical energy storage
6.5.1 Heat of chemical reactions
6.5.2 Heat of sorption
6.6 Configurations of concentrating solar power plants with thermal storage
Nomenclature
References
7 - Thermodynamics of solar receivers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Laws of thermodynamics
7.2.1 Zeroth law
7.2.2 First law of thermodynamics
7.2.3 Second law of thermodynamics
7.2.4 Third law of thermodynamics
7.3 Energy analysis
7.3.1 Steady flow systems
7.3.1.1 Mass conservation
Example 7.1
Solution
7.3.1.2 Flow work and energy of a moving fluid
7.3.2 Transient flow systems
7.3.2.1 Mass conservation
7.3.2.2 Energy balance
7.4 Entropy of a system
7.4.1 Clausius inequality
7.4.2 Entropy generation and increase
7.4.3 Entropy of pure substances
Example 7.2
Solution
7.4.4 Isentropic processes
7.5 Exergy of solar receivers
7.5.1 A system and its surroundings
7.5.2 Exergy analysis
7.5.2.1 Exergy of solar radiation
7.5.2.2 Exergy of heat flows
7.5.2.3 Exergy balance and efficiency
Example 7.3
Solution
Nomenclature
References
8 - Hydrodynamics of solar receivers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fluid properties
8.2.1 Density
Example 8.1
Solution
8.2.2 Viscosity
8.2.3 Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
8.2.3.1 Newtonian fluids
8.2.3.2 Non-Newtonian fluids
8.3 Hydrodynamic equations
8.3.1 Equations for viscous flow
8.3.1.1 Continuity equation
8.3.1.2 Momentum equation
8.3.1.3 Energy equation
8.3.1.4 Boussinesq approximation
8.3.2 Equations for inviscid flow
8.3.2.1 Continuity equation
8.3.2.2 Momentum equations
8.3.2.3 Energy equation
8.3.3 Governing equations of two-phase flows
8.3.3.1 Flow of suspended solids
8.3.3.2 Flow through porous media
8.3.3.3 Liquid–gas flows
8.4 Characteristics of fluid flows
8.4.1 Laminar flows
8.4.2 Turbulent flows
8.4.3 Internal flows
8.5 Flow stability
8.5.1 Method of normal modes for stability analysis
8.5.2 Instability in parallel flows
8.5.2.1 Stability of viscous parallel flows
8.5.2.2 Stability of inviscid parallel flows
8.5.3 Thermal instability
8.5.4 Centrifugal instability
8.5.4.1 Criterion for inviscid flow
8.5.4.2 Criterion for viscous flow
Example 8.2
Solution
8.6 Pressure loss
8.6.1 Friction losses
8.6.2 Dynamic losses
8.6.2.1 Local loss coefficients
8.6.2.2 Darcy-Weisbach equation
Nomeclature
References
9 - Thermomechanical considerations in solar receivers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristics of structural materials
9.2.1 Operational temperature range and thermal stability
9.2.2 Thermophysical properties
9.2.3 Flow pressure
9.2.4 Operational aspects
9.2.5 Availability and affordability of materials
9.3 Major structural elements of solar receivers
9.3.1 Surface receivers
9.3.2 Volumetric receivers
9.3.2.1 Conventional volumetric receivers
9.3.2.2 Advanced volumetric receivers
9.4 Temperature gradients
9.4.1 Temperature gradients in surface receivers
9.4.2 Temperature gradients in volumetric receivers
9.5 Thermomechanical stresses
9.5.1 Thermal stress
9.5.2 Mechanical stress
9.6 Thermomechanical strains
9.6.1 Thermal strain
9.6.2 Mechanical strain
9.6.2.1 Material strength
9.6.2.2 Hooke's law in two and three dimensions
Example 9.1
9.6.3 Relationships between thermomechanical stress and strain
9.6.4 Thermal stress index
9.6.5 Thermal shock and fatigue
Example 9.2
9.7 Thermomechanical properties of materials
9.7.1 Absorber materials
9.7.1.1 Copper
9.7.1.2 Stainless steel
9.7.1.3 Superalloys
9.7.1.4 Ceramic materials
9.7.1.5 Selective coatings
9.7.2 Glazing materials
9.7.3 Insulation materials
Example 9.3
Nomenclature
References
10 - Modeling and optimization of solar receivers
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Concentrating solar collector configurations
10.1.2 Building mathematical models
10.2 Optical performance
10.2.1 Linear parabolic collectors
10.2.2 Images formed by perfect linear concentrators
Example
Solution:
10.2.3 Images formed by imperfect linear concentrators
10.2.4 Point focusing collectors
10.2.4.1 Paraboloidal collectors
10.2.4.2 Solar tower collector
10.2.4.3 External receivers
10.2.4.4 Volumetric receivers
10.2.4.5 Direct-absorption volumetric receivers
10.2.4.6 Indirect-absorption volumetric receivers
10.3 Thermodynamic models
10.3.1 Equations of flat-plate collectors
10.3.2 Equations of concentrating collectors
10.3.2.1 Line focusing collectors
Example
Solution:
Example
Solution:
10.3.2.2 Point focusing collectors
Example
Solution:
10.3.3 Exergetic performance
Example
Solution:
10.4 Hydrodynamic models
10.4.1 Single-phase flows
10.4.2 Two-phase flows
10.5 Heat transfer
10.5.1 Conduction
10.5.2 Convection
10.5.2.1 Empirical models
10.5.2.2 Boundary layer models
Velocity boundary layer
Thermal boundary layer
Concentration boundary layer
Boundary layer equations
10.5.3 Radiation
10.6 Thermomechanical performance
10.7 Discretization of differential equation systems
10.7.1 Finite difference
10.7.1.1 Nodal network
10.7.1.2 Finite difference form of the heat equation
10.7.1.3 Explicit and implicit methods of discretization
10.7.2 Finite element
10.7.2.1 Weak or variational form of partial differential equations
10.7.2.2 Galerkin's approximation and finite element interpolations
10.7.2.3 Comparison with finite difference method
10.7.3 Finite volume
10.8 Economic performance
10.9 System optimization
10.9.1 Elements and processes
10.9.2 System boundaries
10.9.3 Optimization criteria
10.9.4 Optimization models
Example
Solution:
10.9.5 Selected studies
10.10 Simulation programs
Nomenclature
Subscripts
References
11 - Testing of solar receivers
11.1 Introduction
Example 11.1
Solution
11.2 Measurement of variables for performance evaluation of solar receivers
11.2.1 Temperature
11.2.2 Flow rate
Example 11.2
Solution
11.2.3 Pressure
11.2.4 Thermophysical properties of heat-transfer media
11.2.5 Quality of steam
11.3 Selected standard methods
11.3.1 ISO 9806: 2017 solar energy–solar thermal collectors–test methods
11.3.2 ASTM E905-87(2021) standard test method for determining thermal performance of tracking concentrating solar collectors
11.3.3 ANSI/ASHRAE standard 93–2003 methods of testing to determine the thermal performance of solar collectors
11.4 Progress in the development of solar receivers
11.4.1 Selected project developments
11.4.1.1 External receivers
11.4.1.2 Cavity receivers
11.4.1.3 Volumetric receivers
11.4.1.4 Advanced liquid-based solar receivers
11.4.1.5 Solid-based solar receivers
11.4.2 Challenges and opportunities in the development of solar receivers
11.4.2.1 Technological maturity
11.4.2.2 Financial and policy instruments
11.4.2.3 Solar and land resources
11.4.2.4 Materials and supply chain
11.4.2.5 Solar receiver and expertise
Nomenclature
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
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