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Ballastless track has higher sound emissions compared to ballasted track due to the reduced connecting impedance for the rail, the reduced vibration decay rates along the rail and the reduced absorption. A study using a simulation tool for the prediction of sound for trains led to a proposal for an
The "nite-element method is limited either to small geometries or to the low-frequency range, whereas geometrical approaches are best applied at medium and high frequencies, but do not take vibrating surfaces into account. When the vibrating boundaries of a volume are only a small part of the total
The conventional boundary element method of analysis of noise problems inside cavities is inherently inaccurate at very low frequencies. This paper presents a new low frequency boundary element formulation, based upon a series solution in terms of the wavenumber. The new formulation gives accurate r