A practical guide to particle counting for drinking water treatment

✍ Scribed by Mike Broadwell

• Publisher: Lewis Publishers
• Year: 2001
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 212
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

We examined how invasion of tropical riparian forests by an exotic N-fixing tree (Falcataria moluccana) affects organic-matter dynamics in a Hawaiian river by comparing early stages of leaf-litter breakdown between the exotic F. moluccana and native Metrosideros polymorpha trees. We examined early decomposition stages because of low leaf-litter retention rates (<20 d) that result from the flashy nature of tropical Pacific Island streams. Leaf breakdown rates, fungal biomass, and invertebrate abundances were 40, 120, and 30% greater, respectively, for F. moluccana than M. polymorpha leaves. Leaf-litter breakdown was largely a result of stream flow and to a lesser extent fungal colonization. Invertebrates were not an important factor in leaf-litter breakdown. Initial tannin content, leaf C∶N, and toughness were important intrinsic factors inhibiting leaf breakdown and fungal colonization. Regression analyses between remaining N content (%) and ash-free dry mass of leaf litter revealed that the early stages of F. moluccana leaf-litter breakdown are a source of N to streams invaded by F. moluccana and contribute a conservatively estimated 2.1 to 5.7% to the available total dissolved N pool. Direct input of F. moluccana leaf litter influences early stages of leaf-litter breakdown in tropical streams with low leaf-litter retention rates. Direct input of leaf litter also contributes somewhat to N inputs, but subsurface flows through N-rich soils of F. moluccana-invaded riparian forests probably are a greater source. Read more...

Abstract: We examined how invasion of tropical riparian forests by an exotic N-fixing tree (Falcataria moluccana) affects organic-matter dynamics in a Hawaiian river by comparing early stages of leaf-litter breakdown between the exotic F. moluccana and native Metrosideros polymorpha trees. We examined early decomposition stages because of low leaf-litter retention rates (<20 d) that result from the flashy nature of tropical Pacific Island streams. Leaf breakdown rates, fungal biomass, and invertebrate abundances were 40, 120, and 30% greater, respectively, for F. moluccana than M. polymorpha leaves. Leaf-litter breakdown was largely a result of stream flow and to a lesser extent fungal colonization. Invertebrates were not an important factor in leaf-litter breakdown. Initial tannin content, leaf C∶N, and toughness were important intrinsic factors inhibiting leaf breakdown and fungal colonization. Regression analyses between remaining N content (%) and ash-free dry mass of leaf litter revealed that the early stages of F. moluccana leaf-litter breakdown are a source of N to streams invaded by F. moluccana and contribute a conservatively estimated 2.1 to 5.7% to the available total dissolved N pool. Direct input of F. moluccana leaf litter influences early stages of leaf-litter breakdown in tropical streams with low leaf-litter retention rates. Direct input of leaf litter also contributes somewhat to N inputs, but subsurface flows through N-rich soils of F. moluccana-invaded riparian forests probably are a greater source

✦ Table of Contents

A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
About the Author......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 15
1. Particle Counters vs. Particle Sizers......Page 17
a. Light-Scattering Sensor......Page 18
b. Light-Blocking Sensor......Page 19
c. The Rest of the System......Page 21
2. CONDUCTIVITY-BASED INSTRUMENTS......Page 23
C. FAMILIAR GROUND......Page 24
b. Absolute Measurement......Page 25
2. Turbidimeter Operation......Page 26
b. Differences......Page 27
D. GRAB SAMPLE OR CONTINUOUS ONLINE?......Page 28
A. WHY USE PARTICLE COUNTERS FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT?......Page 29
C. PARTICLE COUNTERS AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND GIARDIA......Page 30
D. SURROGATE MEASUREMENT......Page 31
E. LOG REMOVAL......Page 32
F. IMPROVING FILTER PERFORMANCE......Page 33
1. Filter Run Time......Page 35
G. PROCESS OPTIMIZATION......Page 37
1. Flocculation......Page 39
1. Conventional Treatment......Page 40
3. Pilot Plants......Page 41
4. Membrane Plants......Page 42
J. WASTEWATER APPLICATIONS......Page 43
3. Ultraviolet 唀嘀 Disinfection......Page 44
A. CHOOSING PROPER SAMPLE LOCATIONS......Page 45
1. Representative Sample......Page 46
4. Valves, Pumps, and Manifolds......Page 47
5. Temporary or Shared Sample Locations......Page 48
1. Maintaining Constant Head......Page 49
a. Direct-Reading Rotometers......Page 51
c. Electronic Flowmeters......Page 52
d. Determining the Best Approach......Page 53
1. Maintenance Schedule......Page 54
3. Maintenance Log......Page 55
5. Flow Maintenance......Page 56
b. Clogs and Flow Cell Obstruction......Page 57
7. Maintaining Sample Tubing......Page 58
9. Pilot Plants and Other Special Applications......Page 59
1. Particle Counter Calibration......Page 60
3. Maintaining Calibration......Page 61
CHAPTER 4: Collecting Data......Page 62
A. DATA COLLECTION......Page 63
1. Trend Display......Page 64
5. Historical Data......Page 65
1. Turnkey System......Page 66
a. Particle Counters Integrated Directly into SCADA......Page 67
b. Hybrid Approaches......Page 69
a. Digital vs. Analog......Page 70
c. Special 4 to 20 mA Problems in Particle Counting......Page 71
A. PARTICLE COUNTER GRAB-SAMPLER OPERATING PRINCIPLES......Page 73
1. Reasons for Choosing Grab Samplers Over Online Particle Counters......Page 74
a. Sample Handling......Page 75
3. Benefits of Grab Samplers......Page 76
C. GRAB-SAMPLER SAMPLE HANDLING......Page 77
2. Sample Storage and Shipping......Page 78
4. Sample Dilution......Page 79
a. Concentration Limits of the Particle Counter......Page 80
c. Diluents and Background Counts......Page 81
1. Operator Training......Page 82
F. CONCLUSION......Page 83
B. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO......Page 85
D. COINCIDENCE......Page 87
F. SAMPLE FLOW RANGE......Page 88
H. VOLUMETRIC......Page 89
B. CELL WINDOWS......Page 90
C. SAMPLE FITTINGS......Page 91
D. LASER/OPTICAL ASSEMBLY......Page 92
B. DETECTOR CIRCUIT......Page 93
C. COUNTING ELECTRONICS......Page 94
1. Voltage Comparator......Page 95
3. Analog-to-Digital Conversion......Page 97
D. POWER SUPPLY......Page 98
A. DIAGNOSTIC SIGNALS, ALARMS, AND DISPLAYS......Page 100
C. ANALOG INPUTS......Page 101
1. 4 to 20 mA Basics......Page 102
3. Output Scaling......Page 103
G. ENCLOSURE......Page 104
A. BASICS OF SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS......Page 105
B. DEFINITIONS......Page 106
C. SCADA INTERFACE......Page 107
2. Timing and Control......Page 108
E. COMMUNICATIONS DRIVERS......Page 109
2. Networked File Sharing......Page 110
3. Central Controller Unit......Page 111
2. Operating Systems......Page 112
4. Memory......Page 113
b. Floppy Diskette......Page 114
a. Serial Port......Page 115
d. USB......Page 116
b. Mouse and Keyboard......Page 117
B. COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTICLE COUNTING SYSTEMS......Page 118
b. Performance......Page 119
2. Recommended Computer for Particle Counting Systems......Page 120
d. Backup......Page 121
C. DATA MANAGEMENT......Page 122
1. Reporting......Page 123
D. UPGRADING EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE......Page 124
E. NETWORKING AND REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS......Page 125
1. Size and Future Plans......Page 126
B. EQUIPMENT FEATURES......Page 127
2. Sensor Characteristics......Page 128
a. User-Selectable Size Ranges......Page 129
a. Trend Display......Page 130
d. Historical Data......Page 131
a. Portable Grab Samplers......Page 132
b. Pressurized Batch Samplers......Page 133
a. Hardware......Page 134
b. Software......Page 135
B. CALIBRATION MATERIALS......Page 136
C. PARTICLE SIZE CALIBRATION......Page 137
E. COUNT MATCHING......Page 139
1. Size Verification......Page 141
2. Displaying Count Data......Page 142
G. SOME UNRESOLVED ISSUES......Page 143
D. IBR WPCS......Page 147
1. Met One......Page 151
2. Chemtrac......Page 152
C. SAMPLE FITTINGS......Page 153
D. LASER/OPTICAL ASSEMBLY......Page 154
1. Met One......Page 155
B. POWER SUPPLY......Page 156
2. Met One......Page 157
a. Chemtrac and Met One......Page 158
b. Met One......Page 159
2. Met One......Page 160
3. Met One and IBR......Page 161
2. Chemtrac Model 2400D Serial Output Unit......Page 162
G. ENCLOSURES AND PACKAGING......Page 163
3. Met One......Page 164
4. IBR......Page 165
A. INTERFACE......Page 166
B. PROTOCOLS......Page 167
CHAPTER 20: Manufacturer’s Software......Page 168
3. ARTI......Page 169
1. Data Presentation......Page 170
a. Scaling and Configuration......Page 171
b. Time Period......Page 175
3. Tabular Data Display......Page 179
4. Status Display and Alarms......Page 180
a. WQS and TracWare......Page 186
C. CONFIGURING THE SOFTWARE......Page 189
3. Passwords and Security......Page 191
5. Removal Calculations......Page 192
A. THE TREATMENT PLANT/APPLICATION......Page 194
1. Packaging......Page 195
4. Software......Page 196
5. Experience......Page 197
1. Sample Delivery System......Page 198
2. Packaging......Page 199
3. Counting Features......Page 201
4. Computer Interface......Page 202
CHAPTER 23: Particle Counting from a Market Perspective......Page 203
A. COMPETITIVE BIDDING......Page 206
1. Alternate Bids......Page 207
2. Prequalification......Page 208
C. AVOIDING PITFALLS......Page 209
Appendix 1: Manufacturer Listing......Page 210
PAPERS......Page 211