5G Technology: 3GPP Evolution to 5G-Advanced

✍ Scribed by Harri Holma, Takehiro Nakamura, Antti Toskala

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 650
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

5G TECHNOLOGY

An Essential Insider’s View of the Development Work of 5G Technology Up to Release 18

5G brings new technology solutions to the 5G mobile networks, including new spectrum options, antenna structures, physical layer and protocols designs, and network architectures. 5G Technology: 3GPP Evolution to 5G-Advanced is an accessible and comprehensive resource that offers explanations of 5G specifications and performance evaluations, aspects of device design, practical deployment considerations and illustrative examples from field experiences.

With contributions from a panel of international experts on the topic (industry insiders working at the forefront of development), the book presents the main new technology components in 5G and describes the physical layer, radio protocols, and network performance indicators associated with them. It has intentionally been written to cater to individuals at all levels of 5G expertise. Some of the topics of discussion and learning resources in the work include

An easy-to-understand insider’s overview of 5G from editors and authors who are actively working with the 5G development in 3GPP, the forum defining the requirements

Deployment aspects, such as site density and transport network, plus exploration into 5G performance aspects, including data rates, coverage, and latency

A large number of illustrations including simulation and measurement results of 5G technology performance, plus key 5G procedures

Updated information on industrial IoT, radio enhancements in Releases 16 and 17, open RAN and virtualized RAN, 5G verticals and new use cases, and the 5G-Advanced development in Release 18 and outlook towards Release 19

5G Technology: 3GPP Evolution to 5G-Advanced serves as a complete resource for wireless researchers, network planners, lecturers in universities, technology analysts, R&D engineers, application developers, and spectrum regulators who wish to thoroughly understand the latest in 5G technology and get ahead of the c

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 5G Targets
1.3 5G Technology Components
1.4 5G Spectrum
1.5 5G Capabilities
1.6 5G Capacity Boost
1.7 5G Standardization and Schedule
1.8 5G Use Cases
1.9 Evolution Path from LTE to 5G
1.10 5G‐Advanced
1.11 Summary
Chapter 2 5G Targets and Standardization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 ITU
2.2.1 IMT Vision for 2020 and Beyond
2.2.2 Standardization of IMT‐2020 Radio Interface Technologies
2.3 NGMN
2.3.1 NGMN 5G Use Cases
2.3.2 NGMN 5G Requirements
2.3.3 NGMN 5G Architecture Design Principles
2.3.4 Spectrum, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), and Further Recommendations by NGMN
2.4 3GPP Schedule and Phasing
2.5 Evolution Towards 5G‐Advanced and 6G
References
Chapter 3 Technology Components
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Spectrum Utilization
3.2.1 Frequency Bands
3.2.2 Bandwidth Options
3.2.3 Spectrum Occupancy
3.2.4 Control Channel Flexibility
3.2.5 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
3.3 Beamforming
3.4 Flexible Physical Layer and Protocols
3.4.1 Flexible Numerology
3.4.2 Short Transmission Time and Mini‐slot
3.4.3 Self‐Contained Subframe
3.4.4 Asynchronous HARQ
3.4.5 Lean Carrier
3.4.6 Adaptive Reference Signals
3.4.7 Adaptive UE Specific Bandwidth
3.4.8 Distributed MIMO
3.4.9 Waveforms
3.4.10 Channel Coding
3.4.11 Pipeline Processing and Front‐Loaded Reference Signals
3.4.12 Connected Inactive State
3.4.13 Grant‐Free Access
3.4.14 Cell Radius of 300 km
3.5 Network Slicing
3.6 Dual Connectivity with LTE
3.7 Radio Cloud and Edge Computing
3.8 Summary
Reference
Chapter 4 Spectrum
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Millimeter Wave Spectrum Above 20 GHz
4.3 Mid‐Band Spectrum at 3.3–5.0 GHz and at 2.6 GHz
4.4 Low‐Band Spectrum Below 3 GHz
4.5 Unlicensed Band
4.6 Shared Band
4.7 3GPP Frequency Variants
4.8 Summary
References
Chapter 5 5G Architecture
5.1 Introduction
5.2 5G Architecture Options
5.3 5G Core Network Architecture
5.3.1 Access and Mobility Management Function
5.3.2 Session Management Function
5.3.3 User Plane Function
5.3.4 Data Storage Architecture
5.3.5 Policy Control Function
5.3.6 Network Exposure Function
5.3.7 Network Repository Function
5.3.8 Network Slice Selection
5.3.9 Non‐3GPP Interworking Function
5.3.10 Auxiliary 5G Core Functions
5.4 5G RAN Architecture
5.4.1 NG‐Interface
5.4.2 Xn‐Interface
5.4.3 E1‐Interface
5.4.4 F1‐Interface
5.5 Network Slicing
5.5.1 Interworking with LTE
5.6 Summary
References
Chapter 6 5G Physical Layer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 5G Multiple Access Principle
6.3 Physical Channels and Signals
6.4 Basic Structures for 5G Frame Structure
6.5 5G Channel Structures and Beamforming Basics
6.6 Random Access
6.7 Downlink User Data Transmission
6.8 Uplink User Data Transmission
6.9 Uplink Signaling Transmission
6.10 Downlink Signaling Transmission
6.11 Physical Layer Procedures
6.11.1 HARQ Procedure
6.11.2 Uplink Power Control
6.11.3 Timing Advance
6.12 5G MIMO and Beamforming Operation
6.12.1 Downlink MIMO Transmission Schemes
6.12.2 Beam Management Framework
6.12.2.1 Initial Beam Acquisition
6.12.2.2 Beam Measurement and Reporting
6.12.2.3 Beam Indication: QCL and Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI)
6.12.2.4 Beam Recovery
6.12.3 CSI Framework
6.12.3.1 Reporting Settings
6.12.3.2 Resource Settings
6.12.3.3 Reporting Configurations
6.12.3.4 Report Quantity Configurations
6.12.4 CSI Components
6.12.4.1 Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
6.12.4.2 Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)
6.12.4.3 Resource Indicators: CRI, SSBRI, RI, LI
6.12.5 Uplink MIMO Transmission Schemes
6.12.5.1 Codebook‐Based Uplink Transmission
6.12.5.2 Non‐Codebook‐Based Uplink Transmission
6.13 Channel Coding with 5G
6.13.1 Channel Coding for Data Channel
6.13.1.1 5G LDPC Code Design
6.13.1.2 5G LDPC Coding Chain
6.13.2 Channel Coding for Control Channels
6.13.2.1 5G Polar Coding Design
6.14 Dual Connectivity
6.15 5G Data Rates
6.16 Physical Layer Measurements
6.17 UE Capability
6.18 Summary
References
Chapter 7 5G Radio Protocols
7.1 Introduction
7.2 5G Radio Protocol Layers
7.3 SDAP
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 QoS Flow Remapping
7.3.3 MDBV
7.3.4 Header
7.4 PDCP
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Reordering
7.4.3 Security
7.4.4 Header Compression
7.4.5 Duplicates and Status Reports
7.4.6 Duplication
7.5 RLC
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Segmentation
7.5.3 Error Correction
7.5.4 Transmissions Modes
7.5.5 Duplication
7.6 MAC Layer
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Logical Channels
7.6.3 Random Access Procedure
7.6.4 HARQ and Transmissions
7.6.5 Scheduling Request
7.6.6 Logical Channel Prioritization and Multiplexing
7.6.7 BSR
7.6.8 PHR
7.6.9 DRX
7.6.10 Bandwidth Parts
7.6.11 BFD and Recovery
7.6.12 Other Functions
7.6.13 MAC PDU Structure
7.7 The RRC Protocol
7.7.1 Overview
7.7.2 Broadcast of System Information
7.7.2.1 Validity and Change of System Information
7.7.3 Paging
7.7.4 Overview of Idle and Inactive Mode Mobility
7.7.4.1 Cell Selection and Reselection Process
7.7.4.2 Intra‐frequency and Equal‐Priority Reselections
7.7.4.3 Inter‐Frequency/RAT Reselections
7.7.4.4 Cell Selection and Reselection Measurements
7.7.4.5 Reselection Evaluation Altered by UE Mobility
7.7.5 RRC Connection Control and Mobility
7.7.5.1 RRC Connection Control
7.7.5.2 RRC Connection Setup from IDLE and INACTIVE
7.7.5.3 Mobility and Measurements in Connected Mode
7.7.6 RRC Support of Upper Layers
7.7.6.1 NAS Message Transfer
7.7.6.2 Network Slicing
7.7.6.3 UE Capability Transfer
7.7.7 Different Versions of Release 15 RRC Specifications
7.8 Radio Protocols in RAN Architecture
7.9 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Deployment Aspects
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Spectrum Resources
8.2.1 Spectrum Refarming and Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
8.3 Network Density
8.4 Mobile Data Traffic Growth
8.4.1 Mobile Data Volume
8.4.2 Traffic Asymmetry
8.5 Base Station Site Solutions
8.6 Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Considerations
8.7 Network Synchronization and Coordination Requirements
8.7.1 Main Interference Scenarios in TDD System
8.7.2 TDD Frame Configuration Options
8.7.3 Cell Size and Random Access Channel
8.7.4 Guard Period and Safety Zone
8.7.5 Intra‐Frequency Operation
8.7.6 Inter‐Operator Synchronization
8.7.7 Synchronization Requirements in 3GPP
8.7.7.1 Cell Phase Synchronization Accuracy
8.7.7.2 Maximum Receive Timing Difference (MRTD) for LTE–5G Dual Connectivity
8.7.8 Synchronization from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
8.7.9 Synchronization with ToP
8.7.10 Timing Alignment Between Vendors
8.8 5G Overlay with Another Vendor LTE
8.9 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Transport
9.1 5G Transport Network
9.1.1 5G Transport
9.1.2 Types of 5G Transport
9.1.3 Own Versus Leased Transport
9.1.4 Common Transport
9.1.5 Mobile Backhaul Tiers
9.1.6 Logical and Physical Transport Topology
9.1.7 Standards Viewpoint
9.2 Capacity and Latency
9.2.1 Transport Capacity Upgrades
9.2.2 Access Link
9.2.3 Distribution Tier
9.2.4 Backhaul and High Layer Fronthaul Capacity
9.2.5 Low Layer Fronthaul Capacity
9.2.6 Latency
9.2.7 QoS Marking
9.3 Technologies
9.3.1 Client Ports
9.3.2 Networking Technologies Overview
9.4 Fronthaul and Backhaul Interfaces
9.4.1 Low Layer Fronthaul
9.4.1.1 Network Solutions
9.4.1.2 Security
9.4.2 NG Interface
9.4.2.1 Connectivity
9.4.2.2 Security
9.4.3 Xn/X2 Interfaces
9.4.3.1 Connectivity
9.4.3.2 Security
9.4.3.3 Dual Connectivity
9.4.4 F1 Interface
9.4.4.1 Security on F1
9.5 Specific Topics
9.5.1 Network Slicing in Transport
9.5.2 URLLC Transport
9.5.2.1 Latency
9.5.2.2 Reliability
9.5.3 IAB (Integrated Access and Backhaul)
9.5.4 NTNs (Non‐Terrestrial Networks)
9.5.5 Time‐Sensitive Networks
References
Chapter 10 5G Performance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Peak Data Rates
10.3 Practical Data Rates
10.3.1 User Data Rates at 2.5–5.0 GHz
10.3.2 User Data Rates at 28 GHz
10.3.3 User Data Rates with Fixed Wireless Access at 28 GHz
10.4 Latency
10.4.1 User Plane Latency
10.4.2 Low Latency Architecture
10.4.3 Control Plane Latency
10.5 Link Budgets
10.5.1 Link Budget for Sub‐6‐GHz TDD
10.5.2 Link Budget for Low Band FDD
10.5.3 Link Budget for Millimeter Waves
10.6 Coverage for Sub‐6‐GHz Band
10.6.1 Signal Propagation at 3.5 GHz Band
10.6.2 Beamforming Antenna Gain
10.6.3 Uplink Coverage Solutions
10.6.3.1 Low Band LTE with Dual Connectivity
10.6.3.2 Low Band 5G with Carrier Aggregation
10.6.3.3 Supplemental Uplink
10.6.3.4 Benchmarking of Uplink Solutions
10.7 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Algorithms
10.7.1 Antenna Configuration
10.7.2 Beamforming Algorithms
10.7.2.1 Grid of Beams and User‐Specific Beams
10.7.2.2 Zero Forcing
10.7.2.3 Hybrid Beamforming
10.7.3 Radio Network Architecture and Functionality Split
10.7.4 RF Solution Benchmarking
10.7.5 Distributed MIMO
10.8 Packet Scheduling Algorithms
10.8.1 Low Latency Scheduling
10.8.2 Mini‐Slot Scheduling
10.9 Spectral Efficiency and Capacity
10.9.1 Downlink Spectral Efficiency in 5G Compared to LTE
10.9.2 Downlink Spectral Efficiency with Different Antenna Configurations
10.9.3 Uplink Spectral Efficiency
10.9.4 IMT‐2020 Performance Evaluation
10.9.5 5G Capacity at Mid‐Band
10.10 Network Energy Efficiency
10.11 Traffic and Device Density
10.12 Ultra‐Reliability for Mission‐Critical Communication
10.12.1 Antenna Diversity
10.12.2 Macro‐Diversity and Multi‐Connectivity
10.12.3 Interference Cancelation
10.12.4 HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) for High Reliability
10.13 Mobility and High‐Speed Trains
10.14 Summary
References
Chapter 11 Measurements
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Propagation Measurements Above 6 GHz
11.2.1 Fundamental Experiments
11.2.1.1 Path Loss in Open Space
11.2.1.2 Building Corner Diffraction Loss
11.2.1.3 Building Penetration Loss
11.2.1.4 Scattering Effect on Rough Surface
11.2.1.5 Human Blockage Effects
11.2.2 Urban Microcellular Scenario
11.2.2.1 Measurement of Path Loss
11.2.2.2 Measurement of Channel Model Parameters
11.2.3 Indoor Hotspot Scenario
11.2.3.1 Measurement of Path Loss
11.2.3.2 Measurement of Channel Model Parameters
11.2.4 Outdoor‐to‐Indoor Scenario
11.2.4.1 Measurement of Path Loss
11.2.4.2 Measurement of Channel Model Parameters
11.3 Field Experiments with Sub‐6‐GHz 5G Radio
11.3.1 Experimental System with Higher Rank MIMO
11.3.2 Field Experiments
11.3.2.1 Field Experiment in a Shopping Mall Environment
11.3.2.2 Field Experiment in a Long Corridor Environment
11.4 Field Experiments of Millimeter Wave 5G Radio
11.4.1 Experimental System with Beamforming and Beam Tracking
11.4.2 Field Experiments
11.4.2.1 Field Experiment in a Courtyard Environment
11.4.2.2 Field Experiment in a Shopping Mall Environment
11.4.2.3 Field Experiment in a Street Canyon Environment
11.5 Summary
References
Chapter 12 5G RF Design Challenges
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Impact of New Physical Layer on RF Performance
12.2.1 New Uplink Waveforms
12.2.2 New Frequency Range Definition
12.2.2.1 5G Operating Band Numbering Scheme
12.2.3 Impact of NSA Operation on the 5G UE RF Front‐End
12.2.4 New Features Impacting UE RF Front‐End
12.2.4.1 Impact of Beam Forming in FR2
12.2.4.2 Impact of UL MIMO Operation
12.2.4.3 Impact of Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) Switching as Enhancement to Downlink MIMO
12.2.5 RAN4 Technical Specification (TS) Survival Guide
12.3 5G Standalone Performance Aspects in Frequency Range 1
12.3.1 New Channel Bandwidths and Improved SU
12.3.2 Impact of Large Channel Bandwidths on PA Efficiency Enhancement Techniques
12.3.3 FR1 Frequency Bands
12.3.3.1 Impact of Extended Channel Bandwidth on MSD in Refarmed Bands
12.3.4 Transmitter Chain Aspects
12.3.4.1 Maximum Power Reduction and Inner/Outer Allocation Concept
12.3.4.2 Impact on Power Amplifier Power Consumption
12.3.4.3 MPR for Almost Contiguous Allocations and PI/2 BPSK Power Boosting
12.4 5G Standalone Performance Aspects in mmWave Frequency Range 2
12.4.1 Channel Bandwidths and SU
12.4.2 FR2 Bands
12.4.3 FR2 Key RF Parameters
12.4.4 Transmitter Aspects
12.4.4.1 Power and Device Classes
12.4.4.2 ACLR vs. FR1
12.4.4.3 MPR and A‐MPR
12.4.4.4 Impact on FR2 Relaxed ACLR Requirements on MPR Gating Factor
12.4.5 Multi‐Band Support and Carrier Aggregation
12.4.6 OTA Conformance Test Challenges
12.5 Dual Uplink Performance Challenges for NSA Operation
12.5.1 From Single UL to Dual UL Operation
12.5.2 EN‐DC: Explosion of LTE‐CA Combinations as Baseline to 5G
12.5.3 FR1 UE Types and Power Sharing in EN‐DC
12.5.4 Dual Uplink Challenges for EN‐DC Operation in FR1
12.5.4.1 Intra‐Band Challenges
12.5.4.2 Inter‐Band Challenges
12.5.4.3 Example of MSD/A‐MPR/MPR Challenge with DC&uscore;(n)71AA
12.5.5 Dual Uplink Challenges for EN‐DC and NN‐DC Operation in FR2
12.6 Examples of UE Implementation Challenges
12.6.1 More Antennas, More Bands to Multiplex, and More Concurrency
12.6.2 FR2 Antenna Integration and Smartphone Design
12.7 Summary
References
Chapter 13 5G Modem Design Challenges
13.1 Introduction
13.2 High Data Rate, System Flexibility, and Computational Complexity
13.2.1 Channel Coding Aspects Versus UE Complexity
13.2.2 MIMO and Network Flexibility Versus UE Complexity
13.3 Low Latency, Flexible Timing, and Modem Control Flow Complexity
13.3.1 Low Latency Aspects Versus Modem Processing Capability
13.3.1.1 Shorter Slot Duration
13.3.1.2 Mini‐Slot Transmission
13.3.1.3 Multiple PDCCH Monitoring Occasions Per Slot
13.3.1.4 Shorter PDSCH/PUSCH Processing Time
13.3.1.5 Preemption Indication
13.3.1.6 Front‐Loaded DMRS
13.3.1.7 OFDM Symbol‐Based PUCCH
13.3.2 System Flexibility Versus Modem Control Timing
13.3.2.1 Flexible Slot Format Indication
13.3.2.2 Flexible Scheduling
13.4 Multi‐RAT Coexistence and Modem Architecture
13.4.1 Dual Connectivity and Modem Architecture
13.4.2 Impact of LTE/NR Coexistence on Modem Design
13.4.2.1 Operating in the New NR Band
13.4.2.2 Supplementary Uplink
13.4.2.3 Carrier Aggregation
13.4.2.4 Operating in the Legacy LTE Band
13.4.3 Uplink Transmission Design for Minimizing Intermodulation Effect
13.5 Wider Bandwidth Operation and Modem Power Consumption
13.5.1 Modem Power Consumption in Daily Use
13.5.2 Reducing Modem Power Consumption by Bandwidth Adaptation
13.5.3 Impacts on Modem Design
13.6 Summary
References
Chapter 14 Internet of Things Optimization
14.1 Introduction
14.2 IoT Optimization in LTE Radio
14.3 LTE‐M
14.4 Narrowband‐IoT
14.5 IoT Optimization in LTE Core Network
14.6 Coverage
14.7 Delay and Capacity
14.8 Power Saving Features
14.9 NB‐IoT Power Consumption Measurements
14.10 IoT Solution Benchmarking
14.11 IoT Optimizations in 5G
14.12 Summary
References
Chapter 15 LTE‐Advanced Evolution
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Overview of LTE Evolution
15.3 LTE‐Advanced Pro Technologies
15.3.1 Multi‐Gbps Data Rates with Carrier Aggregation Evolution
15.3.2 Utilization of 5 GHz Unlicensed Band
15.3.3 Enhanced Spectral Efficiency with 3D Beamforming and Interference Cancelation
15.3.4 Extreme Local Capacity with Ultra‐Dense Network
15.3.5 Millisecond Latency with Shorter Transmission Time Interval
15.3.6 IoT Optimization
15.3.7 D2D Communications
15.3.8 Public Safety
15.4 5G and LTE Benchmarking
15.4.1 Peak Data Rate
15.4.2 Cell Edge Data Rate
15.4.3 Spectral Efficiency
15.4.4 Mobility
15.4.5 Traffic Density
15.4.6 Device Density
15.5 Summary
References
Chapter 16 5G‐Advanced Overview
16.1 Introduction
16.2 3GPP Schedule
16.3 5G‐Advanced Key Areas
16.4 Extended and Augmented Reality
16.5 Superaccurate Positioning
16.6 Radio Performance Boosters
16.6.1 Enhanced Coverage
16.6.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output Performance
16.6.3 Enhanced Mobility
16.7 New Vertical Use Cases
16.8 Resilient Timing
16.9 Network Automation and Energy Efficiency
16.10 RedCap/NR‐Light for IoT
16.11 Outlook For 5G Release 19
16.12 Outlook For 6G
16.13 Summary
References
Chapter 17 Radio Enhancements in Release 16–18
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Coverage Enhancements
17.3 MIMO Enhancements
17.4 Mobility
17.5 UE Power Saving
17.6 AI/ML for Air Interface and NG‐RAN
17.6.1 AI/ML for Air Interface
17.6.2 AI/ML for NG‐RAN
17.7 Integrated Access and Backhaul
17.8 Dual Connectivity and Carrier Aggregation Enhancements
17.9 Small Data Transmission
17.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Industrial Internet of Things
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Reduced Capability (RedCap) Devices
18.3 RedCap Device Complexity
18.4 RedCap Device Power Consumption
18.5 RedCap Benchmarking with LTE‐Based IoT
18.6 New Spectrum Options
18.7 Ultra‐reliable Low Latency Communication
18.8 Low Latency Communication
18.8.1 Low Latency Solutions
18.8.2 Low Latency Simulations
18.8.3 Low Latency Measurements
18.8.4 Low Latency Architecture
18.9 Ultra‐Reliable Communication
18.10 Time Sensitive Network
18.11 LAN Service
18.12 Positioning Solutions
18.13 Non‐Public Networks
18.14 Summary
References
Chapter 19 Verticals
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Non‐Terrestrial Networks (NTN)
19.3 High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS)
19.4 Drones
19.5 Vehicle Connectivity
19.6 Public Safety
19.7 Dedicated Networks with less than 5 MHz of Spectrum
19.8 Unlicensed
19.9 Summary
References
Chapter 20 Open RAN and Virtualized RAN
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Radio Network Architecture Trends
20.3 Open RAN Fronthaul
20.3.1 Fronthaul Functionality Split
20.4 Uplink Capacity Optimization
20.5 O‐RAN Alliance
20.5.1 O‐RAN Alliance Background
20.6 O‐RAN Fronthaul
20.7 Open Test and Integration Center and PlugFests
20.7.1 Open Test and Integration Center (OTIC)
20.7.2 PlugFest
20.8 O‐RAN Security and Orchestration
20.9 Baseband Virtualization and Cloud Ran
20.10 Baseband Virtualization and Centralization
20.11 Far Edge Availability and Network Topology
20.12 Fiber and Optics Availability
20.13 Baseband Hardware Efficiency
20.14 Virtual RAN Evolution
20.15 RAN Intelligent Controller
20.16 Summary
References
Chapter 21 Machine Learning for 5G System Optimization
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Motivation
21.3 Model Training and Inference in Wireless Systems
21.3.1 Training
21.3.2 Inference
21.4 Machine Learning Categories
21.5 Key Algorithm Techniques
21.6 Machine Learning for 5G Wireless Systems
21.6.1 Linearization of the Signal
21.6.2 Signal Linearization at the Transmitter
21.6.3 Signal Linearization at the Receiver
21.7 Channel State Information (CSI) Improvement and Channel Prediction
21.7.1 SRS‐based Channel Estimation Improvements
21.7.2 CSI Feedback
21.8 Deep Neural Network‐Based Receivers and DeepRx
21.9 Pilotless OFDM
21.10 Massive MIMO, Beamforming, and DeepTx
21.11 Beam Tracking for mmWaves
21.12 Channel Coding
21.13 MAC Scheduler and Radio Resource Management
21.13.1 Deep Scheduler
21.13.2 Deep Scheduler for 5G Uplink Waveform Options
21.13.3 Deep Scheduler for MU‐MIMO
21.14 Learned Communication Protocols
21.15 Network Planning and Optimization
21.15.1 Radio Network Planning
21.15.2 Network Optimization
21.15.3 Capacity Management
21.15.4 Mass Event Management
21.16 Network Operations
21.17 Network Security
21.18 Positioning
21.19 Challenges
21.20 Scalability
21.21 Uncertainty
21.22 Time Criticality and Computational Requirements
21.23 Standardization and Specifications Impact
21.23.1 Data Collection
21.23.2 Model Development
21.23.3 Model Performance Monitoring
21.23.4 Model Transfer
21.24 Summary
References
Index
EULA