Front Cover
5G/5G-Advanced: The New Generation Wireless Access Technology
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and acronyms
Chapter 1: What is 5G?
1.1. The evolution of mobile communication - From 1G to 5G
1.2. 3GPP and the standardization of mobile communication
1.3. The new generation - 5G NR
1.3.1. The 5G use cases
1.3.2. Evolving LTE to 5G capability
1.3.3. NR - The new 5G radio-access technology
1.3.4. 5GCN - The new 5G core network
Chapter 2: 5G standardization
2.1. Overview of standardization and regulation
2.2. ITU-R activities from 3G to 6G
2.2.1. The role of ITU-R
2.2.2. IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced
2.2.3. 5G and IMT-2020 in ITU-R WP5D
2.2.4. IMT-2030 and ITU-R work towards 6G
2.3. 5G and IMT-2020
2.3.1. Usage scenarios for IMT-2020
2.3.2. Capabilities of IMT-2020
2.3.3. IMT-2020 performance requirements
2.3.4. IMT-2020 candidates and evaluation
2.4. 3GPP standardization
2.4.1. The 3GPP process
2.4.2. Specification of 5G in 3GPP as an IMT-2020 candidate
Chapter 3: Spectrum for 5G
3.1. Spectrum for mobile systems
3.1.1. Spectrum defined for IMT systems by the ITU-R
3.1.2. Global spectrum situation for 5G
3.2. Frequency bands for NR
Chapter 4: LTE overview
4.1. LTE release 8 - Basic radio access
4.2. LTE evolution
4.3. Spectrum flexibility
4.3.1. Carrier aggregation
4.3.2. License-assisted access
4.4. Multi-antenna enhancements
4.4.1. Extended multi-antenna transmission
4.4.2. Multi-point coordination and transmission
4.4.3. Enhanced control channel structure
4.5. Densification, small cells, and heterogeneous deployments
4.5.1. Relaying
4.5.2. Heterogeneous deployments
4.5.3. Small-cell on-off
4.5.4. Dual connectivity
4.5.5. Dynamic TDD
4.5.6. WLAN interworking
4.6. Device enhancements
4.7. New scenarios
4.7.1. Machine-type communication
4.7.2. Latency reduction - sTTI
4.7.3. Device-to-device communication
4.7.4. V2V and V2X
4.7.5. Aerials
4.7.6. Multicast/broadcast
Chapter 5: NR overview
5.1. NR basics in release 15
5.1.1. Higher-frequency operation and spectrum flexibility
5.1.2. Ultra-lean design
5.1.3. Forward compatibility
5.1.4. Transmission scheme, bandwidth parts, and frame structure
5.1.5. Duplex schemes
5.1.6. Low-latency support
5.1.7. Scheduling and data transmission
5.1.8. Control channels
5.1.9. Beam-centric design and multi-antenna transmission
5.1.10. Initial access
5.1.11. Interworking and LTE coexistence
5.2. NR evolution and 5G advanced
5.2.1. Multi-antenna enhancements
5.2.2. Carrier aggregation and dual connectivity enhancements
5.2.3. Mobility enhancements
5.2.4. Device power saving enhancements
5.2.5. Cross-link interference mitigation and remote interference management
5.2.6. Integrated access and backhaul/network-controlled repeaters
5.2.7. NR in unlicensed spectra
5.2.8. Extension beyond 52.5GHz
5.2.9. Intelligent transportation systems, vehicle-to-anything, and sidelinks
5.2.10. Machine-type communication and internet-of-things
5.2.11. Positioning
5.2.12. Non-terrestrial networks
5.2.13. Broadcast and multicast
5.2.14. Coverage enhancements
5.2.15. NR in less than 5MHz of spectrum
5.2.16. Extended reality (XR)
5.2.17. Unmanned aerial vehicles and drones
5.2.18. Duplex flexibility
5.2.19. Network energy efficiency enhancements
5.2.20. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
Chapter 6: Radio-interface architecture
6.1. Overall system architecture
6.1.1. 5G core network
6.1.2. Radio-access network
6.2. Radio protocol architecture
6.2.1. Service data adaptation protocol - SDAP
6.2.2. Packet-data convergence protocol - PDCP
6.2.3. Radio-link control
6.2.4. Medium-access control
6.2.4.1. Logical channels and transport channels
6.2.4.2. Hybrid ARQ with soft combining
6.2.5. Physical layer
6.3. Scheduling
6.4. Quality-of-service handling
6.5. Radio resource control
6.5.1. RRC state machine
6.5.2. Radio link monitoring
6.6. Mobility
6.6.1. Network-controlled mobility
6.6.2. Conditional handover (CHO)
6.6.3. Dual active protocol stacks (DAPS)
6.6.4. L1/L2-triggered mobility (LTM)
6.6.5. Idle-state mobility - cell reselection
6.6.6. Tracking the device
6.6.7. Paging
Chapter 7: Overall transmission structure
7.1. Transmission scheme
7.2. Time-domain structure
7.3. Frequency-domain structure
7.4. Bandwidth parts
7.5. Frequency-domain location of NR carriers
7.6. Carrier aggregation
7.6.1. Uplink control signaling
7.7. Supplementary uplink
7.7.1. Relation to carrier aggregation
7.7.2. Uplink control signaling
7.8. Duplex schemes
7.8.1. TDD - time-division duplex
7.8.2. FDD - frequency-division duplex
7.8.3. Slot format and slot-format indication
7.9. Antenna ports
7.10. Quasi-colocation
Chapter 8: Channel measurements
8.1. Channel-state-information reference signals - CSI-RS
8.1.1. Basic CSI-RS structure
8.1.2. Frequency-domain structure of CSI-RS configurations
8.1.3. Time-domain property of CSI-RS configurations
8.1.4. CSI-IM - Resources for interference measurements
8.1.5. Zero-power CSI-RS
8.1.6. CSI-RS resource sets
8.1.7. Tracking reference signal - TRS
8.1.8. Mapping to physical antennas
8.2. Device measurements and reporting
8.2.1. Report quantity
8.2.2. Measurement resource
8.2.3. Report types
8.3. Sounding reference signals - SRS
8.3.1. SRS sequences and Zadoff-Chu sequences
8.3.2. Multi-port SRS resource
8.3.3. SRS frequency hopping
8.3.4. Time-domain structure of SRS transmissions
8.3.5. SRS resource sets
8.3.6. Mapping to physical antennas
Chapter 9: Transport-channel processing
9.1. Overview
9.2. Channel coding
9.2.1. CRC attachment per transport block
9.2.2. Code-block segmentation
9.2.3. Channel coding
9.3. Rate matching and physical-layer hybrid-ARQ functionality
9.4. Scrambling
9.5. Modulation
9.6. Layer mapping
9.7. Uplink DFT precoding
9.8. Multi-antenna precoding
9.8.1. Downlink precoding
9.8.2. Uplink precoding
9.9. Resource mapping
9.10. Downlink reserved resources
9.11. Reference signals
9.11.1. Demodulation reference signals for OFDM-based downlink and uplink
9.11.2. Demodulation reference signals for DFT-precoded OFDM uplink
9.11.3. Phase-tracking reference signals (PT-RS)
Chapter 10: Physical-layer control signaling
10.1. Downlink
10.1.1. Physical downlink control channel
10.1.2. Control resource set
10.1.3. Blind decoding and search spaces
10.1.4. Downlink scheduling assignments - DCI formats 1_0, 1_1, 1_2, and 1_3
10.1.5. Uplink scheduling grants - DCI formats 0_0, 0_1, 0_2, and 0_3
10.1.6. Slot format indication - DCI format 2_0
10.1.7. Preemption indication - DCI format 2_1
10.1.8. Uplink power control commands - DCI format 2_2
10.1.9. SRS control commands - DCI format 2_3
10.1.10. Uplink cancellation indicator - DCI format 2_4
10.1.11. Soft resource indicator - DCI format 2_5
10.1.12. DRX activation - DCI format 2_6
10.1.13. Paging early indicator and dynamic TRS control - DCI format 2_7
10.1.14. Sidelink scheduling - DCI formats 3_0 and 3_1
10.1.15. Multicast/broadcast scheduling - DCI formats 4_0, 4_1, and 4_2
10.1.16. Beam indication for network-controlled repeaters - DCI format 5_0
10.1.17. Signaling of frequency-domain resources
10.1.18. Signaling of time-domain resources
10.1.19. Signaling of transport-block sizes
10.2. Uplink
10.2.1. Basic PUCCH structure
10.2.2. PUCCH format 0
10.2.3. PUCCH format 1
10.2.4. PUCCH format 2
10.2.5. PUCCH format 3
10.2.6. PUCCH format 4
10.2.7. Resources and parameters for PUCCH transmission
10.2.8. Uplink control signaling on PUSCH
Chapter 11: Multi-antenna transmission
11.1. Introduction
11.2. NR downlink multi-antenna precoding
11.2.1. Type-I CSI
11.2.1.1. Single-panel CSI
11.2.1.2. Multi-panel CSI
11.2.2. Type-II CSI (Release 15)
11.2.3. Release-16 enhanced Type-II CSI
11.2.4. Port selection
11.3. NR uplink multi-antenna precoding
11.3.1. Codebook-based transmission
11.3.2. Non-codebook-based precoding
Chapter 12: Beam management
12.1. Initial beam establishment
12.2. Beam adjustment
12.2.1. Downlink transmitter-side beam adjustment
12.2.2. Downlink receiver-side beam adjustment
12.2.3. Uplink beam adjustment
12.3. Beam indication and TCI
12.3.1. Release-15/16 TCI states
12.3.2. Release-17 unified TCI framework
12.4. Beam recovery
12.4.1. Beam-failure detection
12.4.2. New-candidate-beam identification
12.4.3. Device recovery request and network response
12.5. Multi-TRP operation
12.5.1. Non-coherent joint transmission
12.5.1.1. Single-DCI-based NCJT
12.5.1.2. Multi-DCI-based NCJT
12.5.2. Downlink multi-TRP for URLLC
12.5.2.1. Downlink multi-TRP for URLLC - PDSCH
12.5.2.2. Downlink multi-TRP for URLLC - PDCCH
12.5.3. Uplink multi-TRP for URLLC
12.5.3.1. Uplink multi-TRP for URLLC - PUSCH
12.5.3.2. Uplink multi-TRP for URLLC - PUCCH
Chapter 13: Retransmission protocols
13.1. Hybrid-ARQ with soft combining
13.1.1. Soft combining
13.1.2. Downlink hybrid-ARQ
13.1.3. Uplink hybrid-ARQ
13.1.4. Timing of uplink acknowledgments
13.1.5. Multiplexing of hybrid-ARQ acknowledgments
13.2. RLC
13.2.1. Sequence numbering and segmentation
13.2.2. Acknowledged mode and RLC retransmissions
13.3. PDCP
Chapter 14: Scheduling
14.1. Dynamic downlink scheduling
14.1.1. Carrier aggregation
14.1.2. Downlink pre-emption handling
14.2. Dynamic uplink scheduling
14.2.1. Uplink priority handling and logical-channel multiplexing
14.2.2. Scheduling request
14.2.3. Buffer status reports
14.2.4. Power headroom reports
14.3. Scheduling and dynamic TDD
14.4. Transmissions without a dynamic grant - semi-persistent scheduling and configured grants
14.5. Power-saving mechanisms
14.5.1. Discontinuous reception
14.5.2. Wake-up signals
14.5.3. Cross-slot scheduling for power saving
14.5.4. Cell dormancy
14.5.5. Bandwidth adaptation
14.5.6. PDCCH monitoring control
14.5.7. Early indication of paging
Chapter 15: Uplink power and timing control
15.1. Uplink power control
15.1.1. Baseline power control
15.1.2. Beam-based power control
15.1.2.1. Multiple path-loss-estimation processes
15.1.2.2. Multiple open-loop-parameter sets
15.1.2.3. Multiple closed-loop processes
15.1.3. Power control for PUCCH
15.1.4. Power control in case of multiple uplink carriers
15.2. Uplink timing control
Chapter 16: Cell search and system information
16.1. The SSB
16.1.1. Basic structure
16.1.2. Frequency-domain position
16.1.3. SSB periodicity
16.1.4. Detailed structure of PSS and SSS
16.1.4.1. The primary synchronization sequence (PSS)
16.1.4.2. The secondary synchronization sequence (SSS)
16.2. SS burst set - Multiple SSBs in the time domain
16.3. PBCH and MIB
16.4. Cell-defining and non-cell-defining SSBs
16.5. Providing remaining system information
Chapter 17: Random access
17.1. Step 1 - Preamble transmission
17.1.1. RACH configuration and RACH resources
17.1.2. Basic preamble structure
17.1.3. Long vs. short preambles
17.1.3.1. Long preambles
17.1.3.2. Short preambles
17.1.3.3. ``Short´´ preambles for unlicensed spectrum
17.1.4. Mapping from SSB indices to RACH occasions and preambles
17.1.5. Preamble power control and power ramping
17.1.6. Preamble transmission in case of NTN
17.2. Step 2 - Random-access response
17.3. Step 3/4 - Contention resolution
17.3.1. Message 3
17.3.2. Message 4
17.4. Random access for supplementary uplink
17.5. Random access beyond initial access
17.5.1. Random access at handover
17.5.2. Random-access for SI request
17.5.3. Re-establishing synchronization by means of PDCCH order
17.6. Two-step RACH
17.6.1. Two-step RACH - Step A
17.6.1.1. Preamble transmission
17.6.1.2. PUSCH transmission
17.6.1.3. Mapping from PRACH slots to PUSCH resources
17.6.2. Two-step RACH - Step B
17.6.3. Selection between two-step and four-step RACH
Chapter 18: LTE/NR interworking and coexistence
18.1. LTE/NR dual-connectivity
18.1.1. Deployment scenarios
18.1.2. Architecture options
18.1.3. Single-TX operation
18.2. LTE/NR coexistence
Chapter 19: Interference handling in TDD networks
19.1. Remote interference management
19.1.1. Centralized and distributed interference handling
19.1.2. RIM reference signals
19.1.3. Resources for RIM-RS
19.2. Cross-link interference
19.2.1. Device-side interference measurements
19.2.2. Inter-cell coordination
Chapter 20: NR in unlicensed spectrum
20.1. Unlicensed spectrum for NR
20.1.1. The 5GHz band
20.1.2. The 6GHz band
20.1.3. The 60GHz band
20.2. Technology components for unlicensed spectrum
20.3. Channel access in unlicensed spectra
20.3.1. Dynamic channel-access procedures (LBE)
20.3.1.1. Channel-access procedure type 1 and listen-before-talk
20.3.1.2. Channel-access procedure type 2 and COT sharing
20.3.1.3. Channel-access procedure type 3
20.3.2. Semi-static channel access procedures (FBE)
20.3.3. Carrier aggregation and wideband operation
20.4. Downlink data transmission
20.4.1. Downlink hybrid ARQ
20.4.2. Reference signals
20.5. Uplink data transmission
20.5.1. Interlaced transmission in FR1
20.5.2. Dynamic scheduling for uplink data transmission
20.5.3. Configured grants for uplink data transmission
20.5.4. Uplink sounding reference signal
20.6. Downlink control signaling
20.6.1. CORESET
20.6.2. Blind decoding and search space groups
20.6.3. Downlink scheduling assignments - DCI formats 1_0 to 1_3
20.6.4. Uplink scheduling grants - DCI formats 0_0, 0_1, 0_2, and 0_3
20.6.4.1. Signaling of frequency-domain resource allocation
20.6.4.2. Signaling of time-domain resource allocation
20.6.4.3. Signaling of cyclic extension and channel-access type
20.6.5. Downlink feedback information - DCI format 0_1
20.6.6. Slot format indication - DCI format 2_0
20.7. Uplink control signaling
20.7.1. Uplink control signaling on PUCCH
20.7.2. Uplink control signaling on PUSCH
20.8. Initial access
20.8.1. Dynamic frequency selection
20.8.2. Cell search, discovery bursts, and stand-alone operation
20.8.3. Random access
Chapter 21: Industrial IoT and URLLC enhancements
21.1. Uplink preemption
21.1.1. Uplink cancellation
21.1.2. Uplink power boosting for dynamic scheduling
21.2. Uplink collision resolution
21.3. Configured grants and semi-persistent scheduling
21.4. PUSCH resource allocation enhancements
21.5. Downlink control channels
21.6. Feedback enhancements
21.7. Multi-connectivity with PDCP duplication
21.8. IIoT and URLLC in unlicensed spectra
21.9. Time synchronization for time-sensitive networks
Chapter 22: RedCap and small data transmission
22.1. RedCap devices
22.1.1. Bandwidth reduction and initial access
22.1.2. Single-branch Rx antenna
22.1.3. Half-duplex FDD
22.1.4. Higher-layer complexity reductions
22.1.5. Enhanced DRX and neighboring cell measurements
22.2. Small data transmission
22.2.1. Triggering of SDT
22.2.2. SDT with random access
22.2.3. SDT with configured grants
Chapter 23: Multicast-broadcast services
23.1. Unicast, multicast and broadcast
23.2. Channel structure
23.3. Downlink data transmission
23.3.1. Single frequency networks
23.3.2. Common MBS frequency resource
23.4. Hybrid ARQ retransmissions
23.5. Downlink control signaling
23.6. Scheduling
23.6.1. Scheduling of multicast services
23.6.2. Scheduling of broadcast services
23.6.3. Scheduling of broadcast control information
23.6.4. Multiplexing of unicast, multicast, and broadcast transmissions
23.7. Mobility
Chapter 24: Integrated access backhaul
24.1. IAB architecture
24.2. Spectrum for IAB
24.3. Initial access of an IAB node
24.4. IAB-node transmission timing
24.4.1. MT transmission timing
24.4.2. DU transmission timing and OTA timing alignment
24.5. DU/MT interaction
24.5.1. MT resource configuration
24.5.2. DU/MT flexible coordination
24.5.2.1. Time-domain coordination
24.5.2.2. Frequency-domain coordination
24.6. IAB mobility
24.7. Network-controlled repeaters
24.7.1. NCR transmission timing
24.7.2. NCR beam management and access-link beam indication
24.7.2.1. Periodic beam indication
24.7.2.2. Semi-persistent beam indication
24.7.2.3. Aperiodic beam indication
24.7.3. Selective forwarding
Chapter 25: Non-terrestrial NR access
25.1. Satellite basics
25.1.1. Satellite orbits and their characteristics
25.1.2. Ephemeris data and Keplerian elements
25.1.3. Transparent vs regenerative payloads
25.1.4. Fixed beams vs steerable beams
25.2. NR-based NTN
25.2.1. Spectrum for NTN
25.2.2. Extensions to uplink/downlink time alignment
25.2.3. Timing relations between downlink and uplink transmission
25.2.4. HARQ operation and number of HARQ processes
25.2.5. Mobility in a non-terrestrial network
25.3. NTN extensions on release 18
25.3.1. NTN in mm-wave bands
25.3.2. Coverage enhancements
25.3.3. Network-verified UE (device) location
Chapter 26: Sidelink communication
26.1. NR sidelink - Transmission and deployment scenarios
26.2. Resources for sidelink communication
26.3. Sidelink physical channels
26.3.1. PSSCH/PSCCH
26.3.2. PSFCH
26.4. Resource allocation
26.4.1. Resource-allocation mode 1
26.4.2. Resource-allocation mode 2
26.4.2.1. Resource reservation/indication
26.4.2.2. Sensing and resource selection
Release-17 extensions - Partial sensing and random-resource allocation
26.4.2.3. Inter-UE coordination
26.5. Sidelink hybrid-ARQ
26.5.1. Hybrid-ARQ feedback
26.5.2. Hybrid-ARQ retransmissions
26.6. Other sidelink procedures
26.6.1. Sidelink power control
26.6.2. Sidelink channel sounding and CSI reporting
26.7. Sidelink synchronization
26.7.1. The sidelink SS/PSBCH block
26.7.2. Synchronization procedure
26.8. Further sidelink enhancements
26.8.1. Enhanced operation in mmwave spectrum (FR2)
26.8.2. Support for operation in unlicensed spectrum
26.8.3. Carrier aggregation
Chapter 27: Positioning
27.1. Downlink-based positioning
27.2. Uplink-based positioning
Chapter 28: RF characteristics
28.1. Spectrum flexibility implications
28.2. RF requirements in different Frequency Ranges
28.3. Channel bandwidth and spectrum utilization
28.4. Overall structure of device RF requirements
28.5. Overall structure of base station RF requirements
28.5.1. Conducted and radiated RF requirements for NR BS
28.5.2. BS types in different frequency ranges for NR
28.6. Overview of conducted RF requirements for NR
28.6.1. Conducted transmitter characteristics
28.6.2. Conducted receiver characteristics
28.6.3. Regional requirements
28.6.4. Band-specific device requirements through network signaling
28.6.5. Base-station classes for BS type 1-C and 1-H
28.7. Conducted output power level requirements
28.7.1. Base-station output power and dynamic range
28.7.2. Device output power and dynamic range
28.8. Transmitted signal quality
28.8.1. EVM and frequency error
28.8.2. Device in-band emissions
28.8.3. Base-station time alignment
28.9. Conducted unwanted emissions requirements
28.9.1. Implementation aspects
28.9.2. Emission mask in the OOB domain
28.9.2.1. Base-station operating band unwanted emission limits
28.9.2.2. Device spectrum emission mask
28.9.3. Adjacent channel leakage ratio
28.9.4. Spurious emissions
28.9.5. Occupied bandwidth
28.9.6. Transmitter intermodulation
28.10. Conducted sensitivity and dynamic range
28.11. Receiver susceptibility to interfering signals
28.12. Radiated RF requirements for NR
28.12.1. Base-station classes for BS type 1-O and 2-O
28.12.2. Radiated device requirements in FR2
28.12.3. Radiated base station requirements in FR1
28.12.4. Radiated base station requirements in FR2
28.13. Multi-standard radio base stations
28.14. Operation in non-contiguous spectrum
28.15. Multiband-capable base stations
Chapter 29: RF technologies at mm-wave frequencies
29.1. ADC and DAC considerations
29.2. LO generation and phase noise aspects
29.2.1. Phase noise characteristics of free-running oscillators and PLLs
29.2.2. Challenges with mm-wave signal generation
29.3. Power amplifiers efficiency in relation to unwanted emission
29.4. Filtering aspects
29.4.1. Possibilities of filtering at the analog front-end
29.4.2. Insertion loss (IL) and bandwidth
29.4.3. Filter implementation examples
29.4.3.1. PCB integrated implementation example
29.4.3.2. LTCC filter implementation example
29.5. Receiver noise figure, dynamic range and bandwidth dependencies
29.5.1. Receiver and noise figure model
29.5.2. Noise factor and noise floor
29.5.3. Compression point and gain
29.5.4. Power spectral density and dynamic range
29.5.5. Carrier frequency and mm-wave technology aspects
29.6. Summary
Chapter 30: Further 5G evolution and the first step toward 6G
30.1. General enhancements to NR
30.2. Duplex evolution
30.3. AI/ML
30.4. Network energy efficiency
30.5. Zero-energy devices and ambient IoT
30.6. Joint communication and sensing
30.7. The road to 6G
30.8. Concluding remarks
References
Index
Back Cover