Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Zoonoses as Continuous Companions of Mankind and the Animal Kingdom
1 Ancient Zoonoses
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research Materials and Methods
1.3 History of Zoonoses
1.4 Archaeozoological Evidence
1.5 Zoonotic Infections in Archaeology
1.6 Differential Diagnoses
1.7 Concluding Remarks
References
2 Reverse Zoonotic Transmission (Zooanthroponosis): An Increasing Threat to Animal Health
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Healthy Humans, Healthy Animals
2.1.2 What Are Zoonoses and Reverse Zoonoses?
2.1.3 Why Is Knowledge of Reverse Zoonoses Important?
2.2 Routes of Transmission
2.3 Use of New Technology
2.4 Epidemiology of Zoonotic and Reverse Zoonotic Events (Supported with Heat Map and Frequency Map) (Fig. 1)
2.5 Evidence of Reverse Zoonosis of Viruses and Disease Symptoms in Animals and Humans
2.6 Evidence of Reverse Zoonosis of Bacteria and Disease Symptoms in Animals and Humans
2.7 Evidence of Reverse Zoonosis of Parasites and Disease Symptoms in Animals and Humans
2.8 Evidence of Reverse Zoonosis of Fungi and Disease Symptoms in Animals and Humans
2.9 The Impact of Zoonosis and Reverse Zoonosis on Animals and Humans
2.10 How to Prevent Occurrence of Reverse Zoonosis
2.11 Conclusions
2.12 Cross-References
References
Part II: Zoonoses in Food-Chain Animals with Public Health Relevance
3 Important Zoonotic Diseases of Cattle and Their Prevention Measures
3.1 Anthrax
3.2 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
3.3 Bovine Cysticercosis -Taeniasis
3.4 Bovine Tuberculosis
3.5 Brucellosis
3.6 Cryptosporidium parvum
3.7 E. coli O157:H7
3.8 Leptospirosis
3.9 Listeriosis
3.10 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
3.11 Q Fever
3.12 Rift Valley Fever
3.13 Salmonella
3.14 Summary
3.15 Cross-References
References
4 Zoonotic Diseases of Swine: Food-Borne and Occupational Aspects of Infection
4.1 Background and Introduction
4.1.1 Yersinia enterocolitica
4.1.2 Staphylococcus aureus
4.1.3 Salmonella
4.1.4 Campylobacter
4.1.5 Streptococcus suis
4.1.6 Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherchia coli (STEC)
4.2 Colistin-Resistant Organisms
4.3 Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
4.4 Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
4.5 Nipah virus
4.6 Swine Influenza virus
4.7 H1N1 2009 (Influenza A H1N1pdm09)
4.8 H3N2 variant
4.9 Swine Parasitic Zoonoses: Trichinella and Taenia
4.9.1 Trichinella
4.10 Taenia (T. solium)
4.11 Discussion
4.12 Conclusions/Recommendations
References
5 Small Ruminants: Zoonotic Infections
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Specific Infections
5.3 Brucellosis
5.3.1 The Pathogen
5.3.2 Occurrence
5.3.3 Hosts
5.3.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.3.5 Disease in Humans
5.3.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.3.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.3.8 Treatment and Control
5.4 Chlamydophilosis (Ovine Enzootic Abortion (OEA)
5.4.1 The Pathogen
5.4.2 Occurrence
5.4.3 Hosts
5.4.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.4.5 Disease in Humans
5.4.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.4.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.4.8 Treatment and Control
5.5 Contagious Ecthyma (orf)
5.5.1 The Pathogen
5.5.2 Occurrence
5.5.3 Hosts
5.5.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.5.5 Disease in Humans
5.5.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.5.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.5.8 Treatment and Control
5.6 Echinococcosis (hydatidosis)
5.6.1 The Pathogen
5.6.2 Occurrence
5.6.3 Hosts
5.6.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.6.5 Disease in Humans
5.6.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.6.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.6.8 Treatment and Control
5.7 Leptospirosis
5.7.1 The Pathogen
5.7.2 Occurrence
5.7.3 Hosts
5.7.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.7.5 Disease in Humans
5.7.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.7.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.7.8 Treatment and Control
5.8 Listeriosis
5.8.1 The Pathogen
5.8.2 Occurrence
5.8.3 Hosts
5.8.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.8.5 Disease in Humans
5.8.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.8.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.8.8 Treatment and Control
5.9 Q-Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
5.9.1 The Pathogen
5.9.2 Occurrence
5.9.3 Hosts
5.9.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.9.5 Disease in Humans
5.9.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.9.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.9.8 Treatment and Control
5.10 Rift Valley Fever (RVF)
5.10.1 The Pathogen
5.10.2 Distribution
5.10.3 Hosts
5.10.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.10.5 Disease in Humans
5.10.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.10.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.10.8 Treatment and Control
5.11 Tick-Borne Pathogens
5.11.1 The Pathogens
5.11.2 Occurrence
5.11.3 Hosts
5.11.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.11.5 Disease in Humans
5.11.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.11.7 Diagnosis (Small Ruminants)
5.11.8 Treatment and Control
5.12 Toxoplasmosis
5.12.1 The Pathogen
5.12.2 Occurrence
5.12.3 Hosts
5.12.4 Disease in Small Ruminants
5.12.5 Disease in Humans
5.12.6 Transmission (Small Ruminants-Human)
5.12.7 Diagnosis in Small Ruminants
5.12.8 Treatment and Control
5.13 Concluding Remarks
References
6 Zoonoses Transmitted by Poultry
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Salmonella
6.2.1 Epidemiology of Salmonella Infections in Poultry
6.2.2 Epidemiology of Salmonella Infections in Humans
6.2.3 Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission
6.2.4 Disease Symptoms in Poultry
6.2.5 Disease Symptoms in Humans
6.2.6 Unresolved Issues
6.3 Campylobacteriosis
6.3.1 Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infections in Poultry
6.3.2 Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infections in Humans
6.3.3 Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission
6.3.4 Disease Symptoms in Poultry
6.3.5 Disease Symptoms in Humans
6.3.6 Unresolved Issues
6.4 Escherichia coli
6.4.1 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli in Poultry
6.4.2 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli in Humans
6.4.3 Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission
6.4.4 Disease Symptoms in Poultry
6.4.5 Disease Symptoms in Humans
6.4.6 Unresolved Issues
6.5 Antibacterial Resistances
6.5.1 Epidemiology of Antibacterial Resistances in Poultry
6.5.2 Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission
6.5.3 Unresolved Issues
6.6 Avian Influenza
6.6.1 Epidemiology of Avian Influenza in Poultry
6.6.2 Epidemiology of Avian Influenza in Humans
6.6.3 Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission
6.6.4 Disease Symptoms in Poultry
6.6.5 Disease Symptoms in Humans
6.6.6 Unresolved Issues
6.7 Newcastle Disease
6.7.1 Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease in Poultry
6.7.2 Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease in Humans
6.7.3 Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission
6.7.4 Disease Symptoms in Poultry
6.7.5 Disease Symptoms in Humans
6.7.6 Unresolved Issues
6.8 Chlamydiosis
6.8.1 Epidemiology of Chlamydiosis in Poultry
6.8.2 Epidemiology of Chlamydiosis in Humans
6.8.3 Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission
6.8.4 Disease Symptoms in Poultry
6.8.5 Disease Symptoms in Humans
6.8.6 Unresolved Issues
6.9 Erysipelas
6.9.1 Epidemiology of Erysipelas in Poultry
6.9.2 Epidemiology of Erysipelas in Humans
6.9.3 Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission
6.9.4 Disease Symptoms in Poultry
6.9.5 Disease Symptoms in Humans
6.9.6 Unresolved Issues
6.10 Conclusions
6.11 Cross-References
References
7 Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Aquaculture Products
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Bacterial Hazards Associated with Aquaculture Products
7.2.1 Vibrio spp.
7.2.1.1 V. cholerae
7.2.1.2 V. parahaemolyticus
7.2.1.3 Vibrio vulnificus
7.2.2 Salmonella
7.2.3 Listeria monocytogenes
7.2.4 Streptococcus agalactiae
7.3 Antimicrobial Resistance Microorganisms Associated with Products of Aquaculture
References
8 Campylobacter: Animal Reservoirs, Human Infections, and Options for Control
8.1 Campylobacteriosis: The Disease and Its Burden in Humans
8.2 Characteristics of Campylobacter
8.3 The Disease and Carriage in Animals
8.4 Campylobacter Epidemiology in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
8.5 Sources and Transmission Pathways of Human Campylobacteriosis
8.5.1 Campylobacter Source Attribution
8.5.1.1 Source Attribution Based on Outbreak Data
8.5.1.2 Source Attribution Based on Case-Control Studies
8.5.1.3 Source Attribution Based on Microbial Subtyping
8.5.1.4 Intervention Studies
8.5.2 Role of the Environment
8.6 Campylobacter in Poultry and Intervention in Primary Production
8.7 Post-Harvest Control Measures in Poultry
8.8 Interventions and Public Health Impact
8.9 Campylobacter in Poultry - The Future
References
9 The Zoonotic Agent Salmonella
9.1 The Zoonotic Agent Salmonella
9.2 Salmonella in Animal and Food
9.2.1 Salmonella in Poultry and Poultry Products
9.2.2 Salmonella in Pork and Pork Products
9.2.3 Salmonella in Cattle and Bovine Products
9.2.4 Salmonella in Plant-Based Food
9.2.5 Salmonella in Seafood
9.2.6 Salmonella in Insects
9.2.7 Salmonella in Wild Animals
9.3 Human Salmonellosis
9.3.1 Transmission and Symptoms
9.3.2 Pathogenesis
9.3.3 Salmonellosis Worldwide
9.3.3.1 Global Burden of Disease
9.3.3.2 Salmonellosis in Germany and the European Union
9.4 Salmonella Outbreaks
9.4.1 Molecular Tools for Outbreak Investigations
9.4.2 Whole-Genome Sequencing: A Game Changer for Molecular Typing and Outbreak Investigation of Foodborne Disease
9.4.2.1 WGS-Based Salmonella Typing
9.4.2.2 WGS-Based Salmonella Outbreak Detection
9.4.2.3 WGS-Based Salmonella Surveillance and Source Tracking
References
10 Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
10.2.1 Characteristics
10.2.1.1 The Genus Yersinia Includes Two Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.
10.2.1.2 Not All Y. enterocolitica Strains Are Considered Pathogenic
10.2.1.3 Two Clear Lineages Exist Among Y. pseudotuberculosis Strains
10.2.1.4 Enteropathogenic Yersinia Strains Can Grow at Low Temperatures
10.2.2 Virulence
10.2.2.1 Several Plasmid and Chromosomal Encoded Virulence Factors Are Needed for Yersinia Pathogenicity
10.2.2.2 Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis Can Be Divided into Different Groups Correlating with Pathogenicity
10.2.2.3 Virulence Factors Encoded by the pYV Virulence Plasmid Are Essential for Pathogenicity
10.2.2.4 Chromosomally Encoded Virulence Factors Are Also Needed
10.3 Yersiniosis - The disease
10.3.1 Pathogenesis
10.3.1.1 Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis Are Transmitted Through the Intestinal Tract
10.3.1.2 Some Patients Develop Post-Infective Reactive Arthritis (ReA)
10.3.2 Yersiniosis in Humans
10.3.2.1 Intestinal Symptoms Are Variable
10.3.2.2 Extraintestinal Sequels May Occur
10.3.2.3 Far East Scarlet-Like Fever (FESLF) Is a Rare and Poorly Investigated Disease
10.3.2.4 Systemic Infections Are Rare
10.3.2.5 Yersiniosis Is Usually Self-Limiting and No Treatment with Antimicrobials Is Needed
10.3.3 Yersiniosis in Animals
10.3.3.1 Yersinia Infections Are Most Commonly Latent in Animals
10.3.3.2 Outbreaks Due to Y. pseudotuberculosis Infections Are Common in Zoo Animals
10.4 Epidemiology
10.4.1 Incidence in Humans
10.4.1.1 Notification Rates in Europe Have Been Stable from 2015 to 2019
10.4.1.2 The Incidence of Yersinia Infections Is Underestimated if Culture Methods Only Are Used
10.4.2 Foodborne Outbreaks
10.4.2.1 Foodborne Yersinia Infections Are Mainly Sporadic Infections and Outbreaks Are Rare
10.4.2.2 Y. enterocolitica O:3 Outbreaks Have Recently Been Linked to Vegetables in Nordic Countries
10.4.2.3 Y. pseudotuberculosis Outbreaks Have Been Associated with Vegetables and Raw Milk
10.4.3 Prevalence in Animals
10.4.3.1 Nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica Are Common in Animals
10.4.3.2 Y. enterocolitica of Bioserotype 4/O:3 Is Frequently Isolated from Pigs
10.4.3.3 Y. enterocolitica O:9 Has Sporadically Been Found in Ruminants
10.4.3.4 Dogs and Cats Are a Source of Human Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica Strains
10.4.3.5 Y. pseudotuberculosis Is a Common Finding in Wildlife
10.4.4 Prevalence in Food and Water
10.4.4.1 A High Prevalence of Y. enterocolitica Has Been Detected in Pork Products by PCR
10.4.5 Transmission Routes
10.4.5.1 Several Transmission Routes Exist for Enteropathogenic Yersinia
10.4.5.2 Consumption of Pork Is a Significant Risk Factor for Sporadic Y. enterocolitica Infections
10.4.5.3 Y. pseudotuberculosis Is Transmitted by Contaminated Vegetables
10.4.5.4 Enteropathogenic Yersinia Can Be Transmitted to Humans via Pets
10.4.5.5 Human-to-Human Transmission Has Rarely Been Reported
10.5 Detection and Typing
10.5.1 Detection Methods
10.5.1.1 Culturing Is Still Commonly Used to Find Enteropathogenic Yersinia from Various Sample Types
10.5.1.2 PCR Is Increasingly Used to Screen for the Presence of Pathogenic Yersinia in Various Sample Types
10.5.1.3 MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight) Is Used for Rapid Identification of Yersinia
10.5.1.4 Serological Tests Are Used to Screen the Prevalence of Yersiniosis in Animal Reservoirs
10.5.2 Typing Methods
10.5.2.1 Biotyping Is Still Used to Assess the Potential Pathogenicity of the Y. enterocolitica Isolates
10.5.2.2 Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) Is Replacing Other Typing Methods
10.6 Conclusions
10.7 Cross-References
References
11 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC): Environmental-Vehicle-Human Interface
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Expression of Shiga Toxins in EHEC
11.3 Epidemiology of EHEC in Animals
11.4 EHEC in the Environment
11.5 EHEC Infections in Humans
11.6 EHEC Outbreaks
11.7 Future Strategies and Unresolved Issues
References
12 Listeriosis: The Dark Side of Refrigeration and Ensiling
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pathogenicity
12.3 Epidemiology of Listeriosis in Animals
12.4 Epidemiology of Listeriosis in Humans
12.5 Epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes in Food
12.6 Molecular Typing and Interpretation of Typing Results
12.6.1 Typing Methods
12.6.1.1 Serotyping
12.6.1.2 High-Resolution Melting Curve-PCR (HRM-PCR) Analysis
12.6.1.3 Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
12.6.1.4 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
12.6.1.5 Multiple-Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA)
12.6.1.6 Whole-Genome Sequencing
12.6.2 Interpretation of Typing Results
12.7 Disease Symptoms in Both Animals and Humans
12.7.1 Disease Symptoms in Animals
12.7.2 Disease Symptoms in Humans
12.8 Conclusion
References
13 Brucellosis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Pathogenicity
13.3 Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Animals
13.3.1 B. melitensis
13.3.2 B. abortus
13.3.3 B. suis
13.3.4 B. canis
13.3.5 B. ovis
13.3.6 B. neotomae
13.3.7 Brucella Strains of Marine Origin (B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis)
13.3.8 B. microti
13.3.9 Rare Brucella Species Recently Described from Animal Hosts
13.4 Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Humans
13.4.1 B. melitensis
13.4.2 B. abortus
13.4.3 B. suis
13.4.4 B. canis
13.4.5 B. ovis
13.4.6 B. neotomae
13.4.7 Brucella Strains of Marine Origin (B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis)
13.4.8 B. microti
13.4.9 The Role of Atypical Brucella Species as Human Pathogens
13.5 Laboratory Diagnosis and Typing
13.5.1 Bacterial Culture
13.5.2 Serology
13.5.3 Nucleic Acid Amplification Assays
13.5.4 Molecular Typing
13.6 Disease Symptoms in Humans and Treatment
13.7 Prevention and Control
13.8 Discussion
References
14 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
14.1 Introduction Characteristics of Coxiella burnetii
14.2 Disease Symptoms in Animals and Humans
14.2.1 Clinical Presentation in Animals
14.2.2 Clinical Presentation in Humans
14.3 Epidemiology and Burden of Disease in Animals
14.3.1 Host Range
14.3.2 Excretion Routes
14.3.3 Burden of Disease in Animals
14.4 Epidemiology and Burden of Disease in Humans
14.4.1 Burden of Disease in Humans
14.5 Transmission
14.5.1 Q Fever Outbreaks
14.5.2 The Dutch Q Fever Outbreak
14.6 Unresolved Issues and Conclusions
References
15 Cysticercosis
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Epidemiology in Humans
15.1.1.1 Epidemiology on a Domestic Level
15.1.1.2 Epidemiology on the International Level
15.1.2 Epidemiology in Pigs
15.1.3 Burden of Disease
15.2 Clinical Features
15.2.1 Disease in Humans
15.2.2 Disease in Pigs
15.3 Diagnosis of Cysticercosis
15.3.1 Diagnosis in Humans
15.3.2 Diagnosis in Pigs
15.4 Treatment
15.4.1 Treatment of Humans
15.4.2 Treatment of Pigs
15.5 Preventive Measures
15.5.1 Focus on Pig-Targeted Actions
15.5.2 Focus on Human-Targeted Actions
15.6 Conclusions and Unsolved Issues
15.7 Cross-References
References
16 Toxoplasmosis: A Widespread Zoonosis Diversely Affecting Humans and Animals
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Life Cycle Involving All Warm-Blooded Animals
16.2.1 Definitive Hosts and Contamination of the Environment: Not Only the Cat!
16.2.2 Life Cycle of T. gondii in Domestic Animals and Wildlife
16.2.3 A Wide Range of Opportunity for Human Infection
16.3 Prevalence and Disease Burden in Humans
16.3.1 Pathophysiology of the Disease
16.3.2 Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Subjects: Seroprevalence in the World
16.3.3 Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Determinants of Severity and Various Incidences in the World
16.3.4 Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Patients
16.3.5 New Insights into the Comprehension of Parasite Virulence: The Role of Genotype Strains
16.4 Prevalence and Disease Burden in Animals
16.4.1 Wild Life
16.4.2 Meat-Producing Animals
16.4.3 Genotype Distribution
16.4.4 Most Frequent Sources for Human Infection: Case-Control Studies, Outbreaks
16.5 Impact on Public Health and Healthcare Decision-Makers
16.5.1 Implementation of Prevention Measures: Depending on Seroprevalence
16.5.1.1 Hygienic Measures
16.5.1.2 Serologic Screening
16.5.2 Impact of Prevention and Screening on the Burden of Disease: Congenital Toxoplasmosis
16.6 Cross-References
References
17 Trichinella and Trichinellosis: From Wildlife to the Human Beings
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Taxonomy
17.3 Natural Cycle and Parasite Biology
17.4 Epidemiology
17.4.1 In Animals
17.4.2 In Humans
17.5 Clinical Aspects
17.5.1 In Humans
17.5.1.1 Complications
17.5.2 In Animals
17.6 Diagnosis
17.6.1 In Humans
17.6.2 In Animals
17.7 Therapy
17.8 Prevention
17.8.1 Prevention at the Consumer Level
17.9 Investigations in the Course of Trichinellosis Outbreaks
17.10 Conclusions
References
Part III: Zoonoses in Food-Chain and Domestic Animals: Focus on Antimicrobial Resistance
18 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase and AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria in Livestock Animals
18.1 Resistance Mechanisms in Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria
18.2 Livestock Animals and Food as a Possible Source of ESBL/AmpC-Producing Bacteria
18.3 Occurrence of ESBL/AmpC-Producing Bacteria in Livestock Animals
18.4 ESBL/AmpC Types
18.5 Antimicrobial Drug Usage and Its Supposed Impact on the Emergence of ESBL/AmpC-Producing Bacteria in Livestock Animals
18.6 Transmission of ESBL/AmpC-Producing Bacteria or Resistance Genes Between Livestock Animals and Humans and Zoonotic Aspects
18.7 Conclusions
References
19 Zoonotic Transmission of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococci: A Threat to Public Health or an Overemphasized Risk?
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance
19.2.1 Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal and Human E. faecium
19.2.2 Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal and Human E. faecalis
19.3 Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance Between Animals and Humans
19.3.1 Foodborne Transmission
19.3.2 Transmission via Direct Contact with Food Animals
19.3.3 Transmission via Direct Contact with Companion Animals
19.4 Genetic Links Between Clinical and Animal Strains
19.4.1 Genetic Links Between Clinical and Animal E. faecium
19.4.2 Genetic Links Between Clinical and Animal E. faecalis
19.4.3 Genetic Links Between Mobile Genetic Elements in Clinical and Animal Enterococci
19.5 Conclusions
References
20 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Food Animals
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Origin and Evolution of MRSA in Animals
20.3 Epidemiology and Disease Burden of LA-MRSA CC398 in Humans
20.3.1 Epidemiology
20.3.2 Disease Burden
20.3.3 Emerging Public Health Threats?
20.4 Research Needs
20.5 Conclusions
References
21 Zoonotic and Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Companion Animals Challenge Infection Medicine and Biosecurity
21.1 Rising Awareness of Antimicrobial-Resistant and Zoonotic Bacteria in Human and Animal Medicine
21.2 Mechanisms and Driving Forces Leading to the Emergence and Spread of Zoonotic and Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria
21.2.1 The Accumulation of Mobile Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Is Influenced by Selective Pressure
21.2.2 The Emergence of Bacteria in Novel Habitats and Host Species Followed by Subsequent On-Site Adaptation Depends on Evolu...
21.3 A Closer Inspection of Prime Examples for Zoonotic and MDR Bacteria Reveals an Ongoing Adaptation Processes Toward Novel ...
21.3.1 Picturing Adaptation Strategies of MDR Bacteria Associated with Skin and Mucosal Surfaces: MRSA
21.3.1.1 Staphylococcus aureus Resides on Skin and Membranous Surfaces
21.3.1.2 Clinical Importance of S. aureus in Human and Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Classification
21.3.1.3 Adaptative Capabilities of S. aureus: Mechanisms Harnessed by a Habitat Generalist
21.3.2 Adaptation Strategies of MDR Enterobacteria: Escherichia coli, the Classical Jack of All Trades´´
21.3.2.1 Escherichia coli Belongs to the Gut-Associated Microbiota in Humans and Animals
21.3.2.2 Clinical Importance of E. coli in Human and Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Classification
21.3.2.3 Occurrence and Distribution of an Important Multifaceted Generalist Species: E. coli
21.3.3 Challenges and Chances Associated with Zoonotic and Epidemic Bacteria Exhibiting AMR
21.3.3.1 Challenges Arising from theEnlarging the Cake´´ Strategy of Zoonotic and MDR Bacteria Call for a Broader Research ...
21.3.3.2 Chances to Counteract AMR Bacteria Emerge from a Holistic Perspective on the Subject and Enhanced Interdisciplinary E...
21.3.3.3 Tracking AMR in Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria of Animal, Human, and Environmental Origin
21.4 Conclusion
21.5 Cross-References
References
Part IV: Important Zoonoses in Non-food Animals
22 Influenza from a One Health Perspective: Infection by a Highly Versatile Virus
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Population-Level Epidemiology and Evolutionary Dynamics
22.2.1 Natural Reservoirs
22.2.1.1 Epidemiology
22.2.1.2 Evolutionary Dynamics
22.2.2 Spillover Host Species
22.2.2.1 Epidemiology
Nonestablished IAVs
Established IAV Lineages in New Animal Host Species
Established IAV Lineages in Humans
Spilled-Over IAVs Spilling Back to Wild Bird Populations
22.2.2.2 Evolutionary Dynamics
22.3 Host-Level Pathogenesis of Infection
22.3.1 Natural Reservoirs
22.3.2 Spillover Host Species
22.3.2.1 Avian Spillover Host Species
22.3.2.2 Mammalian Spillover Host Species
22.4 Crossing Species, Crossing Scales: Adaptive Changes and Gain in Efficient Transmissibility
22.4.1 Host Switch
22.4.1.1 IAV Adaptation to Avian Hosts
22.4.1.2 IAV Adaptation to Mammalian Hosts
22.4.2 Transmissibility
22.5 Conclusions
References
23 Important Zoonoses in Animals: Parapoxviruses (PPV)
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Virus Properties
23.3 Immunomodulatory, Immune Evasion Genes of PPV
23.4 Host Range and Epidemiology
23.5 Zoonosis
23.6 Clinical Features and Pathology
23.7 Orf, Scabby Mouth, Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (CPD), Ecthyma Contagiosum
23.8 Milker´s Nodule, Paravaccinia, Pseudocowpox
23.9 Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS)
23.10 Parapox of Red Deer
23.11 Patho-histology
23.12 Diagnosis
23.13 Immune Reactions
23.14 Immune Stimulation
23.15 Biomedical Potency (Vector, Oncotherapy)
23.15.1 ORFV Vector Platform
23.15.2 Oncolytic Potency
23.15.3 Prospects
References
24 Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses: Innocuous Rash or Global Public Health Threat?
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Orthopoxvirus Relationships
24.1.2 Ecology and Epidemiology
24.1.3 Zoonotic and Human-to-Human Transmission
24.2 Clinical Features
24.2.1 CPXV
24.2.2 VACV, Alaskapox Virus, Akhmeta Virus
24.2.3 MPXV
24.2.4 CMLV
24.3 Laboratory Diagnosis
24.4 Animal and Public Health Control Measures
24.5 Future Perspectives & Conclusions
24.6 Disclaimer
References
25 Elimination of Rabies: A Missed Opportunity
25.1 Rabies - Fascinating Backgrounds of a Deadly Disease
25.1.1 Virological Background and Diversity of Lyssaviruses
25.1.2 Reservoir Hosts of Classical Rabies
25.1.3 Americas
25.1.4 Africa
25.1.5 Europe
25.1.6 Asia
25.1.7 Other Lyssaviruses
25.1.8 Self-Made Problems
25.2 Human Rabies Prevention, Prophylaxis, and Experimental Therapy
25.2.1 Preventive Vaccination
25.2.2 PrEP of Children?
25.2.3 Improvements to PEP
25.2.4 Treatment of Clinical Rabies?
25.3 Rabies Control in Wildlife - An Innovative and Demanding Idea
25.3.1 Innovative Approach
25.3.2 Challenges
25.3.3 Rabies Control in Bats?
25.4 Elimination of Dog-Mediated Rabies - Possible But Unlikely?!
25.4.1 Intractable Neglect
25.4.2 The One Health Case
25.4.3 An Integrated Approach to Bite Management and Rabies Surveillance
25.4.4 Prospects for Rapid Field Diagnosis
25.4.5 The Complexities of a Dog Population Reservoir
25.4.6 Canine Rabies Control at Source
25.4.7 Approaches to Mass Dog Vaccination
25.4.8 Dog Vaccination Campaign Evaluation
25.4.9 Conclusion
25.5 Road Blocks on the Way to Global Elimination of Dog-Mediated Rabies
25.5.1 Introduction
25.5.2 Awareness and Political Will
25.5.3 Public and Society
25.5.3.1 Low Awareness and Education in the Public/Community Engagement
25.5.3.2 Companion Animal Health Issues Are Considered Low Status Activities in Rabies Endemic Countries
25.5.4 Political Leadership
25.5.4.1 Lacking Prioritization at High Level Decision-Making
25.5.5 Surveillance, Data, and Diagnostics
25.5.6 Underreporting
25.5.7 Limited Diagnostic Capacity for Reporting According to International Standards
25.5.8 Coordination and Implementation
25.5.8.1 Lack of Intersectoral Collaboration
25.5.8.2 Lack of Cohesive and Strategic Implementation Guidance
25.5.9 Challenges of Cross-Border Collaboration
25.5.10 Issues Related to Dog Vaccination
25.5.11 Limited Availability of and Access to Rabies Biologicals
25.5.12 Funding and Sustainability
25.6 Cross-References
References
26 Zoonotic Transmission of Chlamydia spp.: Known for 140 Years, but Still Underestimated
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Epidemiology of Zoonotic Infections in Animals
26.2.1 Chlamydia psittaci
26.2.2 Chlamydia abortus
26.2.3 Chlamydia caviae
26.2.4 Chlamydia felis
26.3 Epidemiology of Chlamydial Zoonoses in Humans
26.3.1 Chlamydia psittaci
26.3.2 Chlamydia abortus
26.3.3 Chlamydia caviae
26.3.4 Chlamydia felis
26.3.5 Other Chlamydial Species
26.4 Genome Analysis of Zoonotic Agents
26.4.1 Common Genomic Elements
26.4.2 Chlamydia psittaci
26.4.3 Chlamydia abortus
26.4.4 Chlamydia caviae
26.4.5 Chlamydia felis
26.5 Unresolved Issues and Outlook
References
Part V: Zoonoses in Domestic Animals
27 Dogs and Transmission of Infection to Man, Respected Member of the Family?´´
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Risk Analysis
27.2.1 Dog Ownership
27.2.2 Human Behavior
27.2.3 Responsible Pet Ownership
27.3 New Trends
27.3.1 Emerging Zoonoses
27.3.2 Feeding Raw Meat to Dogs
27.3.3 Contact with Wildlife Zoonoses
27.3.4 Dogs and Transmission of Human Viruses
27.4 Authorities´ Involvement
27.5 Conclusions
27.6 Cross-References
References
28 Cats - Revered and Reviled - and Associated Zoonoses
28.1 Introduction
28.1.1 Cat Demography
28.1.2 Public Health Impact of Cats
28.2 The Usual Suspects
28.2.1 Toxoplasma gondii
28.2.1.1 The Pathogen - Life Cycle and Transmission
28.2.1.2 Epidemiology in Cats and Humans
28.2.1.3 Disease in Cats
28.2.1.4 Disease in Humans
28.2.1.5 Public Health Importance
28.2.1.6 Public Health Measures
28.2.2 Bartonellosis
28.2.2.1 The Pathogen
28.2.2.2 Epidemiology in Cats and Humans
28.2.2.3 Disease in Cats
28.2.2.4 Disease in Humans
28.2.2.5 Public Health Importance
28.2.2.6 Public Health Measures
28.2.3 Toxocara cati
28.2.3.1 The Pathogen - Life Cycle and Transmission
28.2.3.2 Epidemiology in Cats and Humans
28.2.3.3 Disease in Cats
28.2.3.4 Disease in Humans
28.2.3.5 Public Health Importance
28.2.3.6 Public Health Measures
28.3 Eponymous, But Probably Seldom (or Not Relevant): Rickettsia felis, Chlamydia felis, Cryptosporidium felis, and Opisthorc...
28.3.1 The Enigmatic Rickettsia felis
28.3.1.1 The Pathogen
28.3.1.2 Epidemiology in Cats and Humans
28.3.1.3 Disease in Cats
28.3.1.4 Disease in Humans
28.3.1.5 Public Health Importance
28.3.1.6 Public Health Measures
28.3.2 Chlamydia felis
28.3.2.1 The Pathogen
28.3.2.2 Epidemiology in Cats and Humans
28.3.2.3 Disease in Cats
28.3.2.4 Disease in Humans
28.3.2.5 Public Health Importance
28.3.2.6 Public Health Measures
28.3.3 Cryptosporidium felis
28.3.3.1 The Pathogen
28.3.3.2 Epidemiology in Cats and Humans
28.3.3.3 Disease in Cats
28.3.3.4 Disease in Humans
28.3.3.5 Public Health Importance
28.3.3.6 Public Health Measures
28.3.4 Opisthorchis felineus
28.4 The (un)usual Suspects from the Gut
28.5 An Emerging Cat-Related Pathogen: Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans
28.5.1 The Pathogen
28.5.2 Epidemiology in Cats and Humans
28.5.3 Disease in Cats
28.5.4 Disease in Humans
28.5.5 Public Health Importance
28.5.6 Public Health Measures
28.6 SARS-CoV-2: A Reason for Cats (or Us) to Pan(dem)ic?
28.6.1 The Pathogen
28.6.2 Epidemiology in Cats and Humans
28.6.3 Disease in Cats
28.6.4 Disease in Humans
28.6.5 Public Health Importance
28.6.6 Public Health Measures
28.7 Cross-References
References
29 Public Health and Rodents: A Game of Cat and Mouse
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Rodents: Both Reservoirs and Carriers
29.3 Conclusion
References
30 Camel-Related Zoonoses: A Light onShip of the Desert´´
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Public Health Impact of Camels
30.3 Major Zoonotic Pathogens of Camels
30.3.1 Parasites
30.3.1.1 Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato
30.3.1.2 Cryptosporidium spp.
30.3.1.3 Toxoplasma gondii
30.3.1.4 Trypanosoma spp.
30.3.1.5 Balantidium coli
30.3.1.6 Sarcoptes scabei
30.3.2 Viruses
30.3.2.1 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
30.3.2.2 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
30.3.2.3 Rift Valley Fever
30.3.2.4 West Nile Virus
30.3.3 Bacteria
30.3.3.1 Brucella spp.
30.3.3.2 Tuberculosis
30.3.3.3 Plague
30.3.4 Fungi
30.3.4.1 Ringworm
30.4 Conclusions
30.5 Cross-References
References
31 Animal Bites and Zoonoses: From A to Z - Alligators to Zebras
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Animal Ownership/Contact
31.2.1 Dog Bites
31.2.2 Cat Bites
31.2.3 Venomous Snake Bites
31.2.4 Monkey/Simian
31.2.5 Bears
31.2.6 Pigs
31.2.7 Horses
31.2.8 Komodo Dragon
31.2.9 Alligator/Crocodile
31.2.10 Rodents/Rats
31.2.11 Sharks
31.3 Conclusion
References
Part VI: Zoonoses of Wildlife Animals
32 Zoonotic Pathogens of Reptiles: An Unregarded Slithery Matter
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Reptiles in Culture and Religion
32.3 In Sickness and in Health: Public Health Impact of Reptiles
32.4 Zoonotic Pathogens Associated to Reptiles
32.4.1 Bacteria
32.4.1.1 Salmonellosis
The Pathogen
Epidemiology of Salmonellosis
32.4.1.2 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections: Other Gram-Negative Microorganisms
32.4.1.3 The Heterogeneous World of Epsilonproteobacteria
Campylobacteriosis
32.4.1.4 Mycobacteriosis
32.4.1.5 Chlamydiosis
32.4.1.6 Leptospirosis
32.4.2 Zoonotic Bacterial Reptile Vector-Borne Diseases (ZBRBVDs)
32.4.2.1 Lyme Disease and Borrelioses
32.4.2.2 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
32.4.2.3 Other Zoonotic Reptile Vector-Borne Diseases (ZRBVDs)
Protozoa
32.4.2.4 Leishmaniases in Reptiles: Is It a Big Deal?
32.4.3 Viruses
32.4.3.1 COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases Associated to Reptiles
32.4.4 Helminths and Other Zoonotic Endoparasites Associated to Reptiles
32.4.4.1 Nematodes
32.4.4.2 Sparganosis (Cestoda)
32.4.4.3 Pentastomiasis
Disease in Humans
32.5 Conclusions
32.6 Cross-References
References
33 Wild Birds and Zoonotic Pathogens
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Wild Birds in Human History
33.3 Public Health Impacts of Wild Birds
33.4 The Usual Suspects
33.4.1 Salmonella
33.4.1.1 The Pathogen
33.4.1.2 Epidemiology in Birds and Humans
33.4.1.3 Disease in Birds
33.4.1.4 Disease in Humans
33.4.1.5 Public Health Importance
33.4.1.6 Public Health Measures
33.4.2 Campylobacter
33.4.2.1 The Pathogen
33.4.2.2 Epidemiology in Birds and Humans
33.4.2.3 Disease in Birds
33.4.2.4 Disease in Humans
33.4.2.5 Public Health Importance
33.4.2.6 Public Health Measures
33.4.3 Escherichia coli
33.4.3.1 The Pathogen
33.4.3.2 Epidemiology in Birds and Humans
33.4.3.3 Disease in Birds
33.4.3.4 Disease in Humans
33.4.3.5 Public Health Importance
33.4.3.6 Public Health Measures
33.4.4 Chlamydophila psittaci
33.4.4.1 The Pathogen
33.4.4.2 Epidemiology in Birds and Humans
33.4.4.3 Disease in Birds
33.4.4.4 Disease in Humans
33.4.4.5 Public Health Importance
33.4.4.6 Public Health Measures
33.5 Ectoparasites of Wild Birds with Zoonotic Risks
33.6 Wild Birds as Reservoirs of Viral Diseases
33.6.1 West Nile Virus
33.6.2 Avian Influenza Virus
33.7 Zoonoses of Wild Birds with Minor, Theoretical, or Unknown Risks
33.8 Cross-References
References
34 Bat-Related Zoonoses
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Viral Zoonoses
34.2.1 Rhabdoviridae
34.2.1.1 Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses
34.2.2 Paramyxoviridae: Henipaviruses
34.2.2.1 Hendra, Nipah, and Menangle Viruses
34.2.3 Filoviridae
34.2.3.1 Marburg and Ebola Viruses
34.2.4 Coronaviridae
34.2.4.1 SARS- COVID19 and MERS-Coronaviruses
34.2.5 Other Viral Pathogens
34.2.5.1 HepaDNAviruses, Hepatitis C-like and Hepatitis D (ex-Delta virus), and Bats
34.3 Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV)
34.3.1 Dengue Virus
34.3.2 ZIKA Virus
34.3.3 Bats as Potential Reservoirs or Vectors of DENV and ZIKV
34.4 Bacterial Zoonoses
34.4.1 Enteropathogenic Bacteria
34.4.1.1 Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter
34.4.2 Vector-Borne Bacteria
34.4.2.1 Borrelia, Bartonella, and Neorickettsia
34.4.3 Other Bacterial Pathogens
34.5 Protozoan Parasites
34.5.1 Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, Coccidia, and Leishmania
34.6 Fungal Pathogens
34.6.1 Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Other Fungal Infections
34.7 Conclusion
34.8 Cross-References
References
35 Vector-Borne Zoonoses
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Morbidity and Mortality
35.3 Drivers and Dynamics of VBZ
35.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Considerations
35.5 Advancements in VBZ Diagnosis
35.6 Unresolved Issues
35.7 Cross-References
References
36 Borrelia Ecology, Evolution, and Human Disease: A Mosaic of Life
36.1 Introduction
36.2 The Genus Borrelia
36.3 Borrelia Ecology: Hosts and Vectors
36.4 Borrelia species: Geographic Distribution and Disease-Causing Species
36.5 Cell Biology
36.6 Genomics
36.7 Epidemiology, Burden of Disease
36.8 Clinical Manifestations in Humans
36.8.1 Lyme Borreliosis
36.8.1.1 Dermatoborreliosis
36.8.1.2 Neuroborreliosis
36.8.1.3 Articular Borreliosis
36.8.1.4 Carditis
36.8.1.5 Rare Manifestations
36.9 Relapsing Fever
36.10 Animals and Borreliosis
36.11 Diagnosis
36.11.1 Hard Facts and Fake News
36.11.2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Particular Manifestations of Lyme Borreliosis
36.11.2.1 Early Skin Manifestations
36.11.2.2 Lyme Neuroborreliosis
36.11.2.3 Late, Disseminated Manifestations
36.11.2.4 Rare Manifestations
36.12 Methods with Insufficient Evidence to Support the Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis
36.13 Diagnosis of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever
36.14 Conclusions for Laboratory Diagnostics
36.15 Notes on Antibiotic Therapy
36.16 Antibiotic Selection
36.17 Therapy During Pregnancy and Lactation
36.18 Therapy of Children
36.19 Therapy of Immunocompromised Individuals
36.20 Long-Term Antibiotic Therapy
36.21 Not Recommended Therapeutic Interventions
36.22 Treatment of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever
36.23 Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction
36.24 Prophylaxis
36.25 Cross-References
References
37 Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis: Fraternal Twins Both in Search of Optimal Treatment
37.1 Introduction
37.2 The Echinococcus Genus: a Single Genus for an Increasing Number of Species, and Two Rather Different Diseases in Humans
37.3 The Parasite Life Cycle and the Burden of Echinococcus spp. in Animals
37.4 Epidemiology of Echinococcosis in the World
37.4.1 Diagnosis and Follow-up of Echinococcosis in Humans
37.5 Immunological and Molecular Diagnosis of Echinococcosis
37.6 Antiparasitic Drugs and Echinococcosis
37.7 Treatment and Follow-up of CE Patients
37.8 New Biomarkers for the Follow-up of CE Cysts
37.9 Treatment and Follow-up of AE Patients
37.10 Prevention and Control
37.11 Conclusion
References
38 Hantaviruses in a Global Perspective
38.1 Introduction
38.2 An Overview on Hantaviruses
38.2.1 Taxonomy
38.2.2 Molecular Typing and Host Virus Coevolution
38.3 Epidemiology of Human Diseases
38.3.1 Europe
38.3.2 Asia
38.3.3 Americas
38.3.4 Africa and Australia
38.4 Hantaviruses in Nonrodent Hosts, in Livestock, and in Pet Animals
38.4.1 Nonrodent Orthohantaviruses: Insectivores and Megabats as Reservoir Species
38.4.2 Evidence of Orthohantaviruses in Pet, Livestock, and Laboratory Animals
38.4.3 Do Orthohantavirus Infections Have an Impact on Animals?
38.5 Seasonal Outbreaks, Exposition Risk Factors
38.6 Hantavirus Disease
38.6.1 Pathogenesis
38.6.1.1 Cell Biology
38.6.1.2 Immune System and Cell Death Evasion
38.6.1.3 Recent Scientific Breakthroughs
38.6.2 Therapy and Vaccination
38.7 Perspective
38.8 Cross-References
References
39 Human African Trypanosomiasis: The Smoldering Scourge of Africa
39.1 Historic Introduction
39.2 Taxonomic Classification
39.3 Biology
39.4 Pathogenicity and Pathology
39.5 Clinical Manifestations
39.5.1 The Trypanosomal Chancre
39.5.2 Hemolymphatic Stage (HAT Stage I)
39.5.3 Meningoencephalitic Stage (HAT Stage II)
39.6 Laboratory Diagnosis
39.6.1 Lymph Node Aspirate
39.6.2 Wet Preparation, Thin and Thick Blood Film
39.6.3 Concentration Methods
39.6.4 Nucleic Amplification Techniques
39.6.5 Serological Assays
39.6.6 Nonspecific Laboratory Findings
39.6.7 Diagnosis of Stage II
39.7 Treatment
39.7.1 General Considerations
39.7.2 Stage I Drugs
39.7.2.1 Pentamidine
39.7.2.2 Suramin
39.7.3 Stage II Drugs
39.7.3.1 Melarsoprol
39.7.3.2 Eflornithine (DFMO)
39.7.3.3 Nifurtimox
39.7.3.4 Combination Treatments in HAT
39.7.3.5 Recent Developments in the Treatment of HAT
39.8 Preventive Measures
39.8.1 Individual Protection
39.8.2 Control in Endemic Areas
References
Part VII: Waterborne Zoonoses
40 Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: Trickle or Treat?
40.1 Introduction
40.2 General Information on Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: Life Cycle, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment
40.3 Transmission Routes and Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium Infection
40.4 Waterborne Transmission of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species
40.5 Foodborne Transmission of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium
40.6 Detection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Supplies and on Food
40.7 Conclusion
40.8 Cross-References
References
41 Giardiasis from a One Health Perspective
41.1 An Introduction to the Organism
41.2 Taxonomy of Giardia
41.2.1 Molecular Typing of Giardia duodenalis
41.2.2 The Complex Genetics of Giardia duodenalis
41.3 Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology of Giardiasis in Humans
41.4 Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology of Giardiasis in Animals
41.4.1 Farm Animals
41.4.2 Companion Animals
41.4.3 Wild Animals
41.5 Remarks on Zoonotic Transmission
41.6 Waterborne and Foodborne Giardiasis
41.7 Giardiasis in Humans
41.8 Giardiasis in Other Mammals
41.9 Treatment of Giardiasis in Human and Animals
41.10 Conclusions
41.11 Cross-References
References
42 Leptospirosis: Messing with Our Minds- A Review of Unusual Neurological and Psychiatric Complexities
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Leptospira
42.3 Human Epidemiology
42.4 Evidence of Human-to-Human Transmission
42.5 Pathogenesis
42.6 Clinical Presentation
42.7 CNS Involvement
42.8 Neurological Presentation in Leptospirosis (Neuroleptospirosis)
42.9 Psychosis During Leptospirosis
42.10 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Following a Leptospiral Infection
42.11 Conclusion
References
43 Glanders and Melioidosis: A Zoonosis and a Sapronosis
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Glanders
43.2.1 History and Epidemiology
43.2.2 Modes of Transmission
43.2.3 Microbiology
43.2.4 Pathogenesis
43.2.5 Clinical Presentation in Animals
43.2.6 Clinical Presentation in Humans
43.2.7 Diagnosis
43.2.8 Treatment
43.2.9 Prevention and Control
43.3 Melioidosis
43.3.1 History and Epidemiology
43.3.2 Modes of Transmission
43.3.3 Microbiology
43.3.4 Pathogenesis
43.3.5 Clinical Presentation in Humans
43.3.6 Clinical Presentation in Animals
43.3.7 Diagnosis
43.3.8 Treatment
43.3.9 Prevention and Control
43.4 Conclusion
References
Part VIII: Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses
44 Control of Zoonotic TB: The Need for Multidisciplinary One Health Framework
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Burden of zTB in Africa
44.3 Control Efforts and Associated Challenges
44.4 Sociocultural and Economic Drivers and Their Potential Impact on zTB
44.5 Vaccines for zTB
44.6 Conclusion and Outlook
44.7 Cross-References
References
45 Hepatitis E Virus Zoonotic Axis
45.1 Introduction
45.2 HEV Zoonoses and Cross-Species Infection
45.3 Epidemiology of HEV
45.4 Epidemiological Information of HEV Pregnancy Mortality
45.5 Animal Models Demonstrating HEV-Induced Pregnancy Mortality
45.6 Cell Culture Propagation Ability of HEV
45.7 Vaccination, Prevention, and Treatment of Zoonotic HEV
45.8 Difference of HEV with Other Hepatitis-Causing Viruses
45.9 Loopholes in HEV Studies
45.10 Conclusions
References
46 West Nile Virus: From Africa to Europe, America, and Beyond
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Virology
46.3 Transmission Cycle
46.3.1 Mosquitoes
46.3.2 Vertebrate Hosts
46.3.3 Determinants of Human Disease Incidence and Outbreaks
46.4 Transmission to Humans
46.5 Global Epidemiology
46.5.1 Africa
46.5.2 Europe
46.5.3 Americas
46.5.4 Israel, Asia, Russia
46.5.5 Australia
46.6 Clinical Aspects
46.6.1 Humans
46.6.2 Birds
46.6.3 Equines
46.6.4 Other Animals
46.7 Pathogenesis
46.8 Diagnosis
46.8.1 Human Diagnosis
46.8.2 Diagnosis in Non-Human Vertebrates
46.9 Prevention
46.9.1 Surveillance
46.9.2 Mosquito Control
46.9.3 Personal Protection
46.9.4 Vaccines
46.10 Treatment
46.11 Future Directions
46.12 Conclusion
References
47 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: An Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogen of Public Health Concern
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, an Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogen
47.2.1 The Virus
47.2.2 CCHFV in Nature
47.2.3 Zoonotic Hosts and Their Role in Transmission
47.2.4 Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity
47.3 Disease in Humans
47.4 Pathogenesis
47.5 Laboratory Diagnosis
47.6 Kinetics of Viremia and Antibody Responses
47.7 Differential Diagnosis
47.8 Treatment
47.9 Developments in Vaccine Developments
47.10 Prevention and Control
47.11 Conclusions
References
48 A Review of Hendra Virus and Nipah Virus Infections in Man and Other Animals
48.1 Epidemiology of Hendra Virus in Animals
48.2 Epidemiology of Nipah Virus in Animals
48.3 Epidemiology of Hendra Virus in Humans
48.4 Epidemiology of Nipah Virus in Humans
48.5 Evidence of Animal to Human Transmission of Hendra Virus
48.6 Evidence of Animal-to-Human Transmission of Nipah Virus
48.7 Pathogenesis and Containment
48.8 Disease Symptoms in Humans and Animals
48.9 Future Considerations
References
49 Borna Disease (Borna Disease Virus-1, BoDV-1)
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Pathogen: Genome Organization and Viral Structure
49.3 Diagnostics
49.4 Pathophysiology of Symptomatic BoDV-1 Infection
49.5 Clinical Presentation in Animals
49.6 Clinical Presentation in Humans
49.7 Reservoir
49.8 Host Range
49.9 Burden of Disease in Animals
49.10 Burden of Disease in Humans
49.11 Transmission
49.12 Bornavirus Infections and Mental Disorders: A Controversial Issue
49.13 Conclusion
References
50 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
50.1 Introduction
50.1.1 The Virus
50.2 Zoonotic Origin
50.3 Clinical Features
50.4 Diagnosis
50.5 Emergence of Variants
50.6 Vaccines
50.7 Therapy
50.8 Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
50.9 Conclusion
50.10 Cross-References
References
Part IX: Nature Is the Greatest Bioterrorist: Zoonotic Pathogens as Bioterroristic Agents
51 Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens as Bioterroristic Agents
51.1 Anthrax
51.1.1 Etiology
51.1.2 Global Distribution
51.1.3 Virulence Factors
51.1.4 Anthrolysin O
51.1.5 Immune Inhibitor A (InhA)
51.1.6 Capsule
51.1.7 Anthrax Toxin
51.1.8 Host Range
51.1.9 Epidemiology
51.1.10 Infectious Dose
51.1.11 Disease in Animals
51.1.12 Human Anthrax
51.1.13 Diagnosis
51.1.14 Therapy
51.2 Tularemia
51.2.1 Etiology
51.2.2 Virulence Factors
51.2.3 Epidemiology and Geographical Distribution
51.2.4 Infectious Dose
51.2.5 Disease in Animals
51.2.6 Human Tularemia
51.2.7 Diagnosis
51.2.8 Therapy
References
52 Dangerous Viral Pathogens of Animal Origin: Risk and Biosecurity
52.1 Introduction
52.1.1 Zoonotic Risk
52.1.2 Biosecurity
52.2 Highly Pathogenic Viral Zoonoses
52.2.1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF)
52.2.1.1 Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg)
52.2.1.2 Arenavirus
52.2.1.3 Rift Valley Fever
52.2.1.4 Kyasanur Forest Disease
52.2.1.5 Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever
52.2.2 Viral Encephalitis
52.2.2.1 Eastern Equine Encephalitis
52.2.2.2 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
52.2.2.3 Tick-Borne Encephalitis
52.2.3 Other Severe Clinical Syndromes
52.2.3.1 Monkeypox
52.2.3.2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
52.3 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Part X: Controversial or Non-resolved Issues
53 Bovine Paratuberculosis and Human Crohn´s Disease: Is There a Zoonotic Linkage?
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Johne´s Disease/Paratuberculosis
53.3 History
53.4 Etiology
53.4.1 Infectious Agent
53.4.2 Pathogenesis of Johne´s Disease
53.4.3 Time Line of Paratuberculosis in Cattle
53.4.3.1 The Silent Early Stage of Infection
53.4.3.2 The Subclinical Stage
53.4.3.3 The Clinical Stage/Advanced Clinical Stage
53.5 Therapy and Vaccination
53.6 MAP in Milk and Dairy Products
53.6.1 Tenacity and Ability to Survive
53.6.2 MAP in Milk
53.6.3 MAP in Other Milk Products
53.6.4 MAP in Retail Milk
53.7 Detection Methods for MAP in Food and Environment
53.7.1 Indirect Detection of MAP in Serum or Milk
53.7.2 Direct Detection of MAP
53.8 Crohn´s Disease
53.8.1 Theories and Attempted Methods to Elucidate the Role of MAP in CD
53.8.2 Microbiological Approach
53.8.3 Serological Approach
53.8.4 Molecular Biological Approach
53.8.5 Current Data Situation
53.8.6 Infection Experiments
53.8.7 Therapeutical Approach
53.8.8 Epidemiological Approach
53.8.9 Breastfeeding and the Hruska Postulate
53.9 Conclusions
53.10 Cross-References
References
54 Clostridia: Botulinum-Neurotoxin (BoNT)-Producing Clostridia, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile
54.1 Botulinum-Neurotoxin (BoNT)-Producing Clostridia
54.1.1 Botulinum-Neurotoxin (BoNT)-Producing Clostridia: The Organisms and the Toxins
54.1.2 The Four Classical´´ Forms of Botulism
54.1.2.1 Foodborne Botulism
54.1.2.2 Wound Botulism
54.1.2.3 Infant Botulism (Infant Intestinal Toxemia Botulism)
54.1.2.4 Infective Botulism (Adult and Toddler Intestinal Toxemia Botulism)
54.1.2.5Chronic or Visceral Botulism´´
54.1.2.6 Occurrence of Botulism Cases
54.2 Clostridium perfringens
54.2.1 Clostridium perfringens: Much More than a Bacterial Contamination of Food
54.2.1.1 Foodborne Toxicoinfections
54.2.1.2 Sporadic and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
54.2.1.3 Enteritis Necroticans
54.2.1.4 Gas Gangrene
54.2.2 Clostridium perfringens: Only an Environmental Contamination or a Zoonotic Agent?
54.3 Clostridioides difficile
54.3.1 Clostridioides difficile: The Causative Agent of Nosocomial Pseudomembranous Colitis in Humans
54.3.2 C. difficile in Animals, Food, and the Environment
54.3.3 C. difficile: A Prime Example for the One Health Approach
References
Part XI: Economic and Ecological Aspects of Zoonoses
55 Burden of Zoonoses
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Context
55.2.1 Changing Context of the Food Systems That Feed Us
55.2.2 Classification of Zoonoses
55.3 Understanding the Burden of Zoonoses
55.3.1 Pathways for Burden
55.3.1.1 Public Health
55.3.1.2 Animal Health and Production
55.3.1.3 Ecosystem Health
55.3.1.4 Trade and Travel
55.3.2 Assessing the Burden of Zoonoses and the Value of Mitigation Actions
55.4 Conclusions
References
56 Zoonoses and Poverty: The Multiple Burdens of Zoonoses in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Poverty and Endemic Zoonoses
56.2.1 Zoonoses
56.2.2 Poverty Context
56.2.3 Poverty and Zoonoses
56.2.4 Poverty and Exposure to Zoonoses
56.2.5 Poverty and Greater Vulnerability to Zoonoses
56.3 Zoonoses of Poverty
56.3.1 Most Important Zoonoses in Poor Countries
56.3.2 Top 11 Zoonoses in Poor Countries
56.3.2.1 Classical Zoonoses
56.3.2.2 Foodborne Zoonoses
56.3.2.3 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
56.3.2.4 Emerging Zoonoses
56.4 Conclusion
56.5 Cross-References
References
Index