Zero Waste Biorefinery (Energy, Environment, and Sustainability)

✍ Scribed by Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam Nandabalan (editor), Vinod Kumar Garg (editor), Nitin K. Labhsetwar (editor), Anita Singh (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 595
• Edition: 1st ed. 2022
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is a compilation of process, technologies and value added products such as high value biochemicals and biofuels produced from different waste biorefineries. The book is sectioned into four categories providing a comprehensive outlook about zero waste biorefinery and technologies associated with it. The emerging technologies that potentially put back the lignocellulosic waste, municipal solid waste and food waste into intrinsic recycling for production of high value biochemicals and bioenergy, along with associated challenges and opportunities are also included. The content also focuses on algal biorefineries leading to sustainable circular economy through production of broad spectrum of bioactive compounds, bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, biodiesel through integrated biorefinery approach. The volume also includes chapters on conversion technologies and mathematical models applied for process optimization. A sound foundation about the underlying principles of biorefineries and a up-to-date state-of-the-art based overview on the latest advances in terms of scientific knowledge, techno-economic developments and life cycle assessment methodologies of integrated waste biorefinery is provided. This volume will be of great interest to professionals, post-graduate students and policy makers involved in waste management, biorefineries, circular economy and sustainable development.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I General
1 Zero Waste Biorefinery: A Comprehensive Outlook
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Zero-Waste Biorefinery Concept
1.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
1.2.2 Algal Biorefinery
1.2.3 Integrated Biorefinery
1.2.4 Residue Biorefinery
1.3 Conclusions
References
2 Recent Technologies for Lignocellulose Biomass Conversion to Bioenergy and Biochemicals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass and Composition
2.2.1 Cellulose
2.2.2 Hemicellulose
2.2.3 Lignin
2.3 Biorefineries for Renewable Products from LCB
2.4 Pretreatment: An Essential Step for LCB Depolymerization
2.4.1 Physical Pretreatment Method of Lignocellulosic Biomass
2.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment Methods
2.4.3 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
2.4.4 Other Special Pretreatment Techniques
2.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.6 Fermentation
2.7 Pyrolysis
2.8 Gasification
2.9 Torrefaction
2.10 Anaerobic Digestion
2.11 Transesterification
2.12 Photocatalytic Conversion of Biomass
2.13 Biochemicals from Lignocellulose Biomass
2.14 Conclusions
References
Part II Lignocellulosic Waste Biorefinery
3 Lignocellulosic Waste Treatment in Biorefinery Concept: Challenges and Opportunities
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
3.2.1 The Fundamental Techno-Economic Analysis of Biorefinery
3.2.2 Biogas Biorefinery
3.2.3 Bioethanol Biorefinery
3.3 CO2 Emission-Free Lignocellulosic Waste Treatment in Biorefinery Concept
3.3.1 CO2 Utilization in Biogas Biorefinery
3.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Hydrothermal Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Biofuels
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass as an Energy Source
4.3 Bioenergy Conversion Technologies
4.4 Dry Thermal Processing
4.4.1 Pyrolysis
4.4.2 Gasification
4.4.3 Combustion
4.5 Hydrothermal Processing
4.5.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
4.5.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
4.5.3 Hydrothermal Gasification
4.6 Extraction and Analysis of Hydrothermal Products
4.6.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
4.6.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
4.6.3 Elemental Analysis
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 De-polymerization/De-fragmentation Aided Extraction of Value-Added Chemicals from Lignin
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Various Depolymerization Strategies of Lignin
5.2.1 Oxidative Depolymerization
5.2.2 Reductive Depolymerization of Lignin
5.2.3 Acid-Catalyzed Depolymerization of Lignin
5.2.4 Base Catalyzed Depolymerization of Lignin
5.3 Depolymerization Thermal Treatments
5.3.1 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignin
5.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Thermal Depolymerization of Lignin
5.3.3 Pyrolysis of Lignin
5.4 Challenges and Barriers in Lignin Depolymerization
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Recent Advances in Packed-Bed Gasification of Lignocellulosic Biomass
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Packed Bed Biomass Gasifier Configuration
6.1.2 A Brief History of the Technology and Science of Packed Bed Biomass Gasification
6.1.3 Open Issues in Packed Bed Biomass Gasification
6.1.4 Earlier Studies on Oxy-Fuel Biomass Systems
6.2 An Overview of the Experimental Methods and Materials
6.2.1 Packed Bed Experiments
6.2.2 Oxidizers—Estimation of `Volatiles Stoichiometry'
6.2.3 Single Particle Experiments
6.2.4 Analysis Framework and Algorithm
6.3 Universal Characteristics of Performance Measures of Packed …
6.4 Mechanism of Gasification to Char Oxidation Regime Transition in Packed Beds
6.5 A Theoretical Framework for the Phenomenon of Flame Jump
6.5.1 Normalized Fuel Flux (NFF)
6.5.2 The Phenomenon of flame Jump
6.5.3 Flame Propagation Regimes—A Review
6.6 Implications for Practical Gasification Systems
6.7 Summary
References
7 Sustainable Production of Biochar, Bio-Gas and Bio-Oil from Lignocellulosic Biomass and Biomass Waste
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Biomass Supply
7.1.2 Biomass Potential in India
7.1.3 Concept of a Zero-Waste Biorefinery
7.2 Biomass Thermo-Chemical Conversion Processes
7.2.1 Combustion
7.2.2 Gasification
7.2.3 Torrefaction
7.2.4 Hydrothermal Carbonisation (HTC)
7.2.5 Pyrolysis
7.3 Discussion
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Perspectives of Agro-Waste Biorefineries for Sustainable Biofuels
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Second Generation Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
8.3 Composition of Agro-Residues
8.4 Environmental Benefits of Second Generation Biorefinery from Agro-Residues
8.5 Conversion Technologies in Agro-Waste Biorefinery
8.5.1 Bioethanol Biorefinery from Agro-wastes
8.5.2 Biobutanol Biorefinery from Agro-Wastes
8.5.3 Biogas from Crop Residues Biorefinery
8.5.4 Biohydrogen Biorefinery from Agro-Wastes
8.5.5 Biodiesel Biorefinery from Agro-Wastes
8.5.6 Syngas and Fischer–Tropsch Derivatives from Agro-Waste Biorefinery
8.5.7 Value-Added Chemicals from Agro-Wastes
8.6 Challenges in Agro-Waste Based Biorefinery
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Bioconversion of Agricultural Residue into Biofuel and High-Value Biochemicals: Recent Advancement
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Agricultural Residues
9.2.1 Source and Availability
9.2.2 Composition
9.3 Necessity and Available Strategies for Pre-treatment of Agricultural Residue
9.4 Saccharification and Fermentation
9.4.1 Saccharification
9.4.2 Fermentation
9.4.3 Integration of Saccharification and Fermentation
9.5 Biofuel
9.5.1 Bioethanol
9.5.2 Biobutanol
9.6 High-Value Biochemicals
9.6.1 Cellulose
9.6.2 Hemicellulose
9.7 Challenges and Future Prospective
9.8 Conclusion
References
10 A Sustainable Biorefinery Approach to Valorize Corn Waste to Valuable Chemicals
10.1 Corn Biomass-As an Agricultural Waste
10.2 Processes Involved in the Conversion of Corn Waste
10.2.1 Pretreatment
10.2.2 Hydrolysis
10.2.3 Fermentation
10.2.4 Transesterification
10.3 Value-Added Products from Corn Waste
10.3.1 Biofuels
10.3.2 Organic Acids
10.3.3 Enzymes
10.3.4 Phenolic Compound
10.3.5 Sugar Alcohol
10.3.6 Biosurfactants
10.3.7 Industrially Important Chemicals
10.4 Benefits and Challenges in Converting Corn Waste to Value-Added Products
10.5 Conclusion
References
Part III Algal Biorefinery
11 Algal Biorefinery: A Paradigm to Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy
11.1 Status-Quo of Algal Biorefinery
11.2 Biopolymers as a Baseline for Algal Biorefinery
11.3 High-Value Products Derived from Algal Biorefinery
11.3.1 Vitamins
11.3.2 Therapeutic Compounds
11.3.3 Feed and Fertilizer
11.3.4 Nutraceuticals
11.4 Biorefinery in Conjunction with the Bioprocess Based Systematic Strategies
11.4.1 Bioelectrochemical Technique
11.4.2 Photosynthetic Approach
11.4.3 Wastewater Based Nutrient Recovery Strategy
11.4.4 Acidogenic Technique
11.5 Felicitous Aspects of Holistic Algal Circular Bioeconomy
11.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
12 Microalgae Coupled Biofuel Production and Carbon Capture from Thermal Power Plant: A Biorefinery Approach
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microalgae
12.2.1 Algal Biorefinery
12.3 Value-Added Products from Algal Biorefinery
12.3.1 Biofuels Production from Algae
12.3.2 Processes for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Biofuels and Co-products
12.4 Microalgae: Cultivation and Methodologies
12.5 Algae Biofuels and Conversion Process
12.6 Flue Gas Clean-Up and Algae Production
12.7 Techno-economic and Life Cycle Assessment of Algal-Based Biorefineries
12.8 Circular Economy Concepts in Biorefineries
12.9 Biorefineries—Their Scenarios and Challenges
12.10 Conclusion
References
13 Seaweed Bioprocessing for Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Seaweeds
13.3 Seaweed Waste to Wealth
13.4 Seaweed Integrated Biorefineries
13.5 Potential Methods of Seaweed Bioprocessing
13.6 Sequential Processing of Seaweed Wastes
13.6.1 Collection of Seaweeds
13.6.2 Pre-treatment for Seaweed Bioprocessing
13.6.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass
13.6.4 Microbial Fermentation
13.6.5 Extraction Methods
13.7 Role of Enzymes in Seaweed Bioprocessing
13.8 Energy from Waste Seaweed Biomass Through Thermochemical Conversion
13.9 Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals Using Seaweeds
13.9.1 Bioethanol
13.9.2 Biobutanol
13.9.3 Biogas
13.9.4 Biodiesel
13.9.5 Biohydrogen
13.9.6 Lactic Acid
13.9.7 Seaweed as Substrate in Solid-State Fermentation for Enzyme Production
13.9.8 Biofertilizer
13.9.9 Value-Added Products
13.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Part IV Municipal Solid Waste Biorefinery
14 Biochar Pyrolyzed from Municipal Solid Waste—Properties, Activation, Applications and Climate Benefits
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste Management Scenario
14.2 MSW Biochar Production Methods
14.2.1 MSW Pyrolysis Processes
14.2.2 MSW Feedstock Composition
14.2.3 Pyrolysis Reactors for MSW Biochar
14.2.4 MSW Pyrolysis in Presence of Catalysts
14.3 Activation and Modification of MSW Biochar
14.4 MSW Biochar Yield and Properties
14.4.1 MSW Biochar Yield
14.4.2 MSW Biochar Properties
14.5 MSW Biochar Application
14.5.1 MSW Biochar for Contaminant Removal Using Adsorption
14.5.2 Chemically/Physically Activated MSW Biochar for Contaminant Removal
14.5.3 MSW Biochar for Soil Amendment
14.5.4 MSW Biochar for Climate Change Mitigation
14.5.5 MSW Biochar for Bioenergy and Energy Production
14.6 Techno-economic Analysis of Biochar Production
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Municipal Solid Waste for Sustainable Production of Biofuels and Value-Added Products from Biorefinery
15.1 Introduction
15.2 MSW to Energy Conversion Processes
15.2.1 Thermochemical
15.2.2 Biochemical
15.2.3 Physicochemical
15.3 Value-Added Products from MSW Biorefineries
15.3.1 Biofuel Category
15.3.2 Value-Added Commodities
15.4 Case Studies in Indian Scenario
15.5 Biorefinery Concept for VFA Production from MSW
15.6 Future Work
15.7 Conclusions
References
16 Recent Advances in Biorefineries for Energy and Nutrient Recovery from Food Waste
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Sources of Food Waste
16.1.2 Characteristics of Food Waste
16.1.3 Food Waste Biorefineries
16.2 Food Waste Anaerobic Digestion
16.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
16.2.2 Stages of Anaerobic Digestion
16.2.3 Crucial Parameters
16.2.4 Advanced Strategies
16.3 Biogas Upgradation and Utilization
16.3.1 Biogas Upgradation
16.3.2 Biogas Utilization
16.4 Anaerobic Digestate Utilization
16.4.1 Conventional Methods
16.4.2 Bioponics
16.5 Other Products from Food Waste Biorefineries
16.5.1 Bioalcohols
16.5.2 Biodiesel
16.5.3 Bioactive Component, Biochemicals and Bioproducts
16.6 Current Challenges, Future Perspective and Research Needs of Food Waste-Based Biorefineries
16.7 Conclusion
References
Part V Conversion Technologies
17 Commercial or Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis Units for Conversion of Biomass to Bio-Oils: State of the Art
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fast Pyrolysis
17.3 Pyrolysis Process Technologies
17.3.1 An Overview
17.3.2 Historical Background
17.4 Pyrolysis Reactors and Their Implementation
17.4.1 Fluidized Bed Reactors
17.4.2 Bubbling Fluidized Beds
17.4.3 Ablative Pyrolysis
17.4.4 Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB) and Transported Bed
17.4.5 Rotating Cone Pyrolysis
17.4.6 Vacuum Pyrolysis
17.4.7 Entrained Downflow
17.5 Current Scenario and Future Recommendations
17.6 Conclusions
References
18 An In-Depth Evaluation of Feedstock, Production Process, Catalyst for Biodiesel Production
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bio-diesel Production Status
18.3 Feedstock for Biodiesel
18.4 Biodiesel Production Chain
18.5 Biodiesel Production from First Generation Feedstock’s
18.5.1 Bio-diesel Production Using Palm Oil
18.5.2 Biodiesel Production from Coconut Oil
18.5.3 Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil
18.6 2nd Generation Feedstock’s
18.6.1 Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Plant
18.6.2 Biodiesel Production from Jojoba
18.6.3 Biodiesel Production from Karanja
18.6.4 Biodiesel Production from Mahua
18.7 3rd Generation Feedstock’s
18.7.1 Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
18.7.2 Microalgae as a Bio-diesel Producer
18.8 Biodiesel Production Process
18.8.1 Pre-treatment
18.8.2 Homogeneous Catalyst
18.8.3 Heterogeneous Catalyst
18.8.4 Enzymatic Catalysis Process
18.8.5 Transesterification
18.9 Environmental Impacts of Biodiesel Use
18.10 Economic Feasibility
18.11 Conclusion
References
19 Techniques Used in the Process of Biodiesel Production and Its Merits and Demerits from a Historical Perspective
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Brief History of Biodiesel
19.1.2 Techniques Used for Biodiesel Production
19.1.3 Advancement in Catalysts for Biodiesel Production
19.1.4 Data Collection
19.1.5 Method of Preparation of Biodiesel
19.1.6 Conclusion
References
20 Prospect of Metabolic Engineering for Biochemical Production
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Prerequisite for Metabolic Engineering
20.3 Synthetic Biology Tools for Modifying Metabolic Pathways Towards Biochemical Biosynthesis
20.3.1 Tools for Mining Genes and Enzymes Involved in Biochemicals Biosynthesis
20.3.2 Metabolic Flux Optimization
20.3.3 Designing Tools for Controlling Gene Expression at the Transcriptional Level
20.3.4 Techniques Used for Genome Editing to Produce Large Scale Biochemicals
20.4 Examples of Metabolic Engineering of Different Bacteria and Their Applications for Biochemical Production from Wastes
20.4.1 Escherichia Coli
20.4.2 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
20.4.3 Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas Putida
20.5 Scale-Up of Biochemicals Using Engineered Microbes
20.6 Conclusion
References
21 Mathematical Models for Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Biochemical Process of Anaerobic Digestion
21.2.1 Hydrolysis
21.2.2 Acidogenesis
21.2.3 Acetogenesis
21.2.4 Methanogenesis
21.3 Mathematical Modeling
21.3.1 Fundamental Kinetics Models
21.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion Model 1
21.3.3 Statistical Models
21.3.4 Computational Models
21.3.5 Artificial Intelligence-Based Models
21.4 Biogas Production from Organic Wastes
21.5 Conclusions
References