X-Ray CT: Hardware and Software Techniques

✍ Scribed by Hiroyuki Toda

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 549
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides easy-to-understand explanations to systematically and comprehensively describe the X-ray CT technologies, techniques, and skills used for industrial and scientific purposes. Included are many references along with photographs, figures, and equations prepared by the author. These features all facilitate the reader's gaining a deeper understanding of the topics being discussed. The book presents expertise not only on fundamentals but also about hardware, software, and analytical methods for the benefit of technical users. The book targets engineers, researchers, and students who are involved in research, development, design, and quality assurance in industry and academia.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
1 History and Present
1.1 History of Medical X-ray Tomography
1.1.1 Early Years
1.1.2 Conditions After the 1970s
1.2 History and Present of X-ray Tomography for Non-medical Use
1.2.1 Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Microtomography
1.2.2 X-ray Tomography Using an Industrial X-ray CT Scanner
1.2.3 Advances in Elemental Techniques
References
2 Fundamentals of X-Ray Imaging
2.1 Absorption Contrast
2.1.1 Absorption Coefficient and Contrast
2.1.2 Various X-Ray Absorption Processes
2.2 Phase Contrast
2.2.1 X-Ray Refraction
2.2.2 X-Ray Phase Shift
References
3 3D Image Reconstruction
3.1 Projection Data
3.1.1 Basic Calculation Method
3.1.2 Projection Data
3.2 Fundamentals of Image Reconstruction
3.2.1 Radon Transform and Radon Space
3.2.2 Projection Theorem
3.3 Image Reconstruction Techniques
3.3.1 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique
3.3.2 Filtered Back Projection
3.3.3 Convolution Back Projection
3.3.4 Cone Beam Reconstruction
3.3.5 Special Image Reconstructions
3.4 Realities of Image Reconstruction
References
4 Hardware
4.1 X-ray Source
4.1.1 X-ray Generation
4.1.2 X-Ray Tube
4.1.3 Compact Electron Accelerators
4.1.4 Radioactive Isotopes
4.1.5 Synchrotron Radiation
4.2 Filter
4.3 Positioning Stage
4.3.1 Sample Rotation Stage
4.3.2 Other Positioning Stages
4.4 Detector
4.4.1 Characteristic Assessment of Detectors
4.4.2 Various Detectors
4.4.3 Scintillator
4.4.4 Coupling Between the Camera and Scintillator
4.4.5 Photon Counting Measurements
4.5 In Situ Observation Devices
4.5.1 In Situ Observations of Deformation/Fracture Behavior
4.5.2 In Vivo Observations of Living Bodies
References
5 Applied Imaging Methods
5.1 Imaging-Type X-ray Tomography
5.1.1 Imaging Optical Systems Using a Fresnel Zone Plate
5.1.2 Imaging Optical Systems Using a Mirror
5.1.3 Complex Refractive Lens
5.1.4 Multilayer Laue Lens
5.2 Phase-Contrast Tomography
5.2.1 X-ray Propagation-Based Methods
5.2.2 Zernike Phase-Contrast Microscope
5.2.3 Methods Using Interferometers
5.2.4 X-ray Holography
5.3 Fast Tomography
5.3.1 Synchrotron Radiation Facilities
5.3.2 Industrial X-ray CT Scanners
5.3.3 Technical Elements Besides the X-ray Source
5.4 Tomography of Elemental Concentrations
5.4.1 Absorption-Edge Subtraction Imaging
5.4.2 XANES Tomography
5.4.3 Fluorescent X-ray Tomography
5.5 Polycrystalline Tomography
5.5.1 Liquid Metal Wetting Technique
5.5.2 Diffraction Contrast Tomography
5.5.3 3D-XRD
5.5.4 Diffraction-Amalgamated Grain-Boundary Tracking (DAGT)
5.6 Other Tomography Techniques
References
6 X-Ray CT Scanners and Application Examples
6.1 General-Use X-Ray CT Scanners for Industrial Use
6.2 High-Energy Industrial X-ray CT Scanners
6.3 High-Resolution Industrial X-Ray CT Scanners
6.4 High-Functionality Industrial X-Ray CT Scanners
6.5 In-Line Inspection Device
6.6 X-Ray Tomography Using Synchrotron Radiation
6.6.1 Projection-Type X-Ray Tomography
6.6.2 Imaging-Type X-Ray Tomography
6.6.3 Phase-Contrast Tomography
6.6.4 Fast Tomography
6.6.5 Tomography of Elemental Concentrations
6.6.6 Tomography for Polycrystalline Structures
6.7 Selection of Devices and Conditions
6.7.1 Device Selection
6.7.2 Realities of 3D Imaging
6.7.3 Sample Size and X-Ray Energy Selection
References
7 Fundamentals of 3D Images
7.1 3D Image Structure
7.2 Examination of 3D Images
7.3 Noise
7.3.1 Standard Deviation
7.3.2 Noise Power Spectrum
7.4 Contrast
7.4.1 Basic Concepts
7.4.2 Quantitative Assessment
7.5 Spatial Resolution
7.5.1 Fundamental Aspects
7.5.2 Spatial Resolution Assessment
7.5.3 Spatial Resolution Measurement
7.6 Artifacts
7.6.1 Artifacts Due to Interactions Between X-Rays and Objects
7.6.2 Artifacts Due to Device
7.6.3 Artifacts Due to Imaging Conditions
7.6.4 Artifacts Due to Reconstruction
References
8 3D Image Processing and 3D Image Analysis
8.1 Filtering
8.1.1 Averaging Filter
8.1.2 Edge Detection/Enhancing Filter
8.1.3 Frequency Filter
8.2 Segmentation
8.2.1 Simple Threshold-Based Segmentation
8.2.2 Edge Detection Filter Usage
8.2.3 Region Growing Technique
8.2.4 Watershed Method
8.2.5 Segmentation Using Machine Learning
8.3 Various Types of Image Processing
8.3.1 Dilation and Erosion
8.3.2 Differences Between Dilation/Erosion-Processed Images
8.3.3 Thinning Processing
8.3.4 Spatial Tessellation
8.4 3D Rendering
8.4.1 Virtual Cross Section Display
8.4.2 Surface Rendering
8.4.3 Volume Rendering
8.5 Quantitative Geometric Analyses
8.6 3D Image-Based Simulations
8.7 3D Expression
8.8 Effective Presentation Applications
References
9 4D Image Analysis
9.1 Registration
9.1.1 Affine Transformation
9.1.2 Various Registration Methods
9.2 Particle Tracking
9.2.1 Particle Tracking Between Two Frames
9.2.2 Hierarchical Tracking Methods
9.2.3 3D Strain Mapping
9.3 Reverse 4D Materials Engineering
References
10 Dimensional and Morphological Measurements
10.1 Device Technology
10.2 Measurement Accuracy
10.2.1 Standardization
10.2.2 Uncertainty in Measurement Accuracy
10.3 Reverse Engineering
References
Correction to: X-Ray CT
Correction to: H. Toda, X-Ray CT, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0590-1
Index