World Development Indicators 2009

✍ Scribed by World Bank

• Publisher: World Bank Publications
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 460
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Looking for accurate, up-to-date data on development issues? World Development Indicators is the World Bank's premier annual compilation of data about development. This indispensable statistical reference allows you to consult over 900 indicators for some 150 economies and 14 country groups in more than 80 tables. It provides a current overview of the most recent data available as well as important regional data and income group analysis in six thematic sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. World Development Indicators 2009 presents the most current and accurate development data on both a national level and aggregated globally. It allows you to monitor the progress made toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations. These goals, which focus on development and the elimination of poverty, serve as the agenda for international development efforts. New feature Statistics help us understand the events that trigger a crisis and measure its impact. Along with this year's 91 data tables,each section of the World Development Indicators 2009 has an introduction that shows statistics in action, describing the history of the current global crisis, its effect on developing economies, and the challenges they face.

✦ Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 10
Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Partners......Page 14
Users guide......Page 22
1. WORLD VIEW......Page 24
Introduction......Page 25
1.1 Size of the economy......Page 38
1.2 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and saving lives......Page 42
1.3 Millennium Development Goals: protecting our common environment......Page 46
1.4 Millennium Development Goals: overcoming obstacles......Page 50
1.5 Women in development......Page 52
1.6 Key indicators for other economies......Page 56
1d Increased investment led to faster growth in low- and middle-income economies......Page 26
1h Trade deficits were financed by foreign investors......Page 27
1l … And so were equity asset valuations......Page 28
1p Food and fuel importers were hurt by rising prices......Page 29
1t As housing bubbles burst, investors lost confidence......Page 30
1x U.S. foreign assets and liabilities doubled......Page 31
1bb Derivatives can undermine capital controls, leading to linkages that make market dynamics difficult to predict......Page 32
1ee The cost of systemic financial crises can be very high......Page 33
1ii Remittances are signifi cant for many low-income economies......Page 34
1ll Recent World Bank Group initiatives......Page 35
1.2a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 1–4......Page 45
1.3a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 5–7......Page 49
1.4a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goal 8......Page 51
2. PEOPLE......Page 58
2a Different goals—different progress......Page 59
2.1 Population dynamics......Page 64
2.2 Labor force structure......Page 68
2.3 Employment by economic activity......Page 72
2.4 Decent work and productive employment......Page 76
2.5 Unemployment......Page 80
2.6 Children at work......Page 84
2.7 Poverty rates at national poverty lines......Page 88
2.8 Poverty rates at international poverty lines......Page 91
2.9 Distribution of income or consumption......Page 96
2.10 Assessing vulnerability and security......Page 100
2.11 Education inputs......Page 104
2.12 Participation in education......Page 108
2.13 Education efficiency......Page 112
2.14 Education completion and outcomes......Page 116
2.15 Education gaps by income and gender......Page 120
2.16 Health systems......Page 122
2.17 Disease prevention coverage and quality......Page 126
2.18 Reproductive health......Page 130
2.19 Nutrition......Page 134
2.20 Health risk factors and future challenges......Page 138
2.21 Health gaps by income and gender......Page 142
2.22 Mortality......Page 146
2d … But variations are wide across regions......Page 60
2h For many poor countries, there is a tradeoff between education and employment......Page 61
2l Labor productivity has increased across the world......Page 62
2m Scenarios for 2008......Page 63
2.6a Children work long hours......Page 87
2.8b Poverty rates have begun to fall......Page 93
2.8c Regional poverty estimates......Page 94
2.9a The Gini coefficient and ratio of income or consumption of the richest quintile to the poorest quintiles are closely correlated......Page 99
2.15a There is a large gap in educational attainment across gender and urban-rural lines......Page 121
2.16a There is a wide gap in health expenditure per capita between high-income economies and developing economies......Page 125
3. ENVIRONMENT......Page 150
Introduction......Page 151
3.1 Rural population and land use......Page 158
3.2 Agricultural inputs......Page 162
3.3 Agricultural output and productivity......Page 166
3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity......Page 170
3.5 Freshwater......Page 174
3.6 Water pollution......Page 178
3.7 Energy production and use......Page 182
3.8 Energy dependency and efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions......Page 186
3.9 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions......Page 190
3.10 Sources of electricity......Page 194
3.11 Urbanization......Page 198
3.12 Urban housing conditions......Page 202
3.13 Traffic and congestion......Page 206
3.14 Air pollution......Page 210
3.15 Government commitment......Page 212
3.16 Toward a broader measure of savings......Page 216
3d High-income economies use more than 11 times the energy that low-income economies do......Page 152
3h Production declines from existing oil fields have been rapid......Page 153
3l High-income economies are by far the greatest emitters of carbon dioxide......Page 154
3o Reductions in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by region in the 550 and 450 parts per million Policy Scenarios relative to the Trend Scenario......Page 155
3q Electricity generated from renewables is projected to more than double by 2030......Page 156
3s Cost and savings under the Policy Scenarios......Page 157
3.1a What is rural? Urban?......Page 161
3.2b Developing regions lag in agricultural machinery, which reduces their agricultural productivity......Page 165
3.3b Sub-Saharan Africa had the lowest yield, while East Asia and Pacific is closing the gap with high-income economies......Page 169
3.5b The share of withdrawals for agriculture approaches 90 percent in some developing regions......Page 177
3.6a Emissions of organic water pollutants declined in most economies from 1990 to 2005, even in some of the top emitters......Page 181
3.7a A person in a high-income economy uses an average of more than 11 times as much energy as a person in a low-income economy......Page 185
3.8b … mostly from middle-income economies in the Middle East and North Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean......Page 189
3.9b The 10 largest contributors to nitrous oxide emissions account for about 56 percent of emissions......Page 193
3.10b … with developing economies relying more on coal......Page 197
3.11b Latin America and the Caribbean had the same share of urban population as high-income economies in 2007......Page 201
3.12a Selected housing indicators for smaller economies......Page 205
3.13a Particulate matter concentration has fallen in all income groups, and the higher the income, the lower the concentration......Page 209
4. ECONOMY......Page 220
4b Large middle-income economies with economic growth above 10 percent......Page 221
4.1 Growth of output......Page 228
4.2 Structure of output......Page 232
4.3 Structure of manufacturing......Page 236
4.4 Structure of merchandise exports......Page 240
4.5 Structure of merchandise imports......Page 244
4.6 Structure of service exports......Page 248
4.7 Structure of service imports......Page 252
4.8 Structure of demand......Page 256
4.9 Growth of consumption and investment......Page 260
4.10 Central government finances......Page 264
4.11 Central government expenses......Page 268
4.12 Central government revenues......Page 272
4.13 Monetary indicators......Page 276
4.14 Exchange rates and prices......Page 280
4.15 Balance of payments current account......Page 284
4f …And account for the largest share of manufactures exports......Page 222
4j Real interest rates declined in 66 countries......Page 223
4cc-4hh Central government debt 2007–08, selected major developing economies......Page 224
4.3a Manufacturing continues to show strong growth in East Asia through 2007......Page 239
4.4a Developing economies’ share of world merchandise exports continues to expand......Page 243
4.5a Top 10 developing economy exporters of merchandise goods in 2007......Page 247
4.6a Top 10 developing economy exporters of commercial services in 2007......Page 251
4.7a The mix of commercial service imports by developing economies is changing......Page 255
4.9a GDP per capita is still lagging in some regions......Page 263
4.10a Fifteen developing economies had a government expenditure to GDP ratio of 30 percent or higher......Page 267
4.11a Interest payments are a large part of government expenses for some developing economies......Page 271
4.12a Rich economies rely more on direct taxes......Page 275
4.15a Top 15 economies with the largest reserves in 2007......Page 287
5. STATES AND MARKETS......Page 288
5a Improving governance and contributing to growth......Page 289
5.1 Private sector in the economy......Page 294
5.2 Business environment: enterprise surveys......Page 298
5.3 Business environment: Doing Business indicators......Page 302
5.4 Stock markets......Page 306
5.5 Financial access, stability, and efficiency......Page 310
5.6 Tax policies......Page 314
5.7 Military expenditures and arms transfers......Page 318
5.8 Public policies and institutions......Page 322
5.9 Transport services......Page 326
5.10 Power and communications......Page 330
5.11 The information age......Page 334
5.12 Science and technology......Page 338
5d Internet use in developing economies is growing, but still lags behind use in developed economies......Page 290
5h Internet service prices have fallen in some Sub-Saharan African countries, 2005–07......Page 291
5k Developing economies have only about 4 percent of the world’s secure servers, 2008......Page 292
5l Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development......Page 293
6. GLOBAL LINKS......Page 342
Introduction......Page 343
6.1 Integration with the global economy......Page 352
6.2 Growth of merchandise trade......Page 356
6.3 Direction and growth of merchandise trade......Page 360
6.4 High-income economy trade with low- and middle-income economies......Page 363
6.5 Direction of trade of developing economies......Page 366
6.6 Primary commodity prices......Page 369
6.7 Regional trade blocs......Page 372
6.8 Tariff barriers......Page 376
6.9 External debt......Page 380
6.10 Ratios for external debt......Page 384
6.11 Global private financial flows......Page 388
6.12 Net official financial flows......Page 392
6.13 Financial flows from Development Assistance Committee members......Page 396
6.14 Allocation of bilateral aid from Development Assistance Committee members......Page 398
6.15 Aid dependency......Page 400
6.16 Distribution of net aid by Development Assistance Committee members......Page 404
6.17 Movement of people......Page 408
6.18 Characteristics of immigrants in selected OECD countries......Page 412
6.19 Travel and tourism......Page 414
6d Merchandise imports of Group of Seven industrial economies have declined, reflecting slowing demand for imports......Page 344
6h Other developing economies borrowed increasing amounts from private creditors......Page 345
6l FDI net inflows to the Republic of Korea and Thailand remained resilient for several years after the plunge in GDP......Page 346
6p Private lending to Europe and Central Asia increased ninefold between 2003 and 2007......Page 347
6t Aid for long-term development has remained about the same as in the 1970s......Page 348
6x More remittance flows are now going to developing economies......Page 349
6qq–6vv Financing through international capital markets 2007–09, selected major developing economies......Page 350
6.1a Estimating the global emigrant stock......Page 355
6.3a In 2007 around 70 percent of exports from low- and middle-income economies and from high-income economies were directed to high-income economies......Page 362
6.4a High-income economies’ tariffs on imports from low- and middle-income economies fell between 1997 and 2007 but remain high for some products......Page 365
6.5a Trading partners vary by region......Page 368
6.6a Commodity prices increased between 2000 and the last quarter of 2008—the longest boom since 1960......Page 371
6.7a The number of trade agreements has increased rapidly since 1990, especially bilateral agreements......Page 375
6.9a The levels and the composition of external debt vary by regions......Page 383
6.10a The burden of external debt service declined for most regions over 1995–2007......Page 387
6.11a In 2007 middle-income economies received nearly 20 times more private capital flows than low-income economies did......Page 391
6.12a Net nonconcessional lending from international financial institutions has declined in recent years as countries have paid off previous loans......Page 395
6.15a Official development assistance from non-DAC donors, 2003–07......Page 403
6.16a Most donors increased their proportions of untied aid between 2000 and 2007......Page 407
6.19a High-income economies remain the main destination for international travelers, but the share of tourists visiting developing economies is rising......Page 417
Primary data documentation......Page 419
Statistical methods......Page 430
Credits......Page 432
Bibliography......Page 434
Index of indicators......Page 442