Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

✍ Scribed by Thomas S., Jose S. (ed.)

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 475
• Series: The Textile Institute Book
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites is an in-depth and practical exploration of wool-based composites, covering everything from the morphology of wool fiber to the industrial applications of wool composites. Wool has emerged in the top position for this role because of its unique characteristics. While fine wool is too costly for many such applications, coarse wool of greater than 35 microns fiber length is globally under-utilized. This pioneering book describes every form of wool composite, woven, nonwoven, felt and fiber, including different fabrication methods. In unique detail, the international team of expert contributors describe the morphology, structure and properties of wool, methods for the chemical modification of wool, different forms of wool-polymer composites, and many exciting emerging applications.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
The Textile Institute Book Series
Copyright
Contributors
Contents
1. Introduction to natural fiber composites
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Natural fiber composites
1.3 Natural fiber composites and the role of natural fibers as reinforcement
1.4 Wool in composites
1.5 Case studies
1.6 Current trends and future directions
Funding & Acknowledgments
References
2. Wool structure and morphology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemical composition
2.2.1 Composition
2.2.2 Amino acid composition
2.2.3 Composition of wool grease and suint
2.2.4 Inter- and intramolecular bond
2.3 Wool fiber morphology
2.3.1 Morphology of cuticle layer
2.3.2 Directional frictional effect
2.3.3 Cortical structure and crimp
2.3.4 Crystallinity and moisture regain of wool
2.4 Two-component and three-component models of wool fiber
References
3. Microscopy and spectroscopy of wool fiber
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microscopy techniques
3.2.1 Projection microscope
3.2.2 Scanning electron microscope
3.2.3 Transmission electron microscope
3.2.4 Fluorimeter
3.3 Spectroscopy techniques
3.3.1 UV-VIS spectrophotometer
3.3.2 Energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
3.3.3 Atomic absorption spectroscopy
3.3.4 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
3.3.5 Infrared spectrometry
3.3.6 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
3.3.7 Near-infrared spectroscopy
3.3.8 Raman spectroscopy
3.3.9 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
3.3.10 X-ray diffraction spectra
3.3.11 Atomic force microscopy
3.3.12 Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Physical and chemical properties of wool fibers
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Natural fibers
4.1.2 Wool fiber
4.1.3 Potential applications
4.2 Classification of wool fibers
4.2.1 Fine wool
4.2.2 Carpet wool
4.2.3 Coarse wool
4.2.4 Kemp and guard fibers
4.3 Physical properties of wool fiber
4.3.1 Crimp
4.3.2 Moisture content
4.3.3 Stress-strain property
4.3.4 Elastic recovery
4.3.5 Resilience
4.3.6 Heat of sorption
4.3.7 Felting
4.3.8 Tensile property
4.3.9 Luster
4.3.10 Color
4.4 Chemical properties of wool fiber
4.4.1 Effect of acids
4.4.2 Effect of alkalies
4.4.3 Effect of oxidizing agents
4.4.4 Effect of reducing agents
4.4.5 Allworden reaction
4.4.6 Cross-linking reactions
4.4.7 Effect of finely divided metals
4.4.8 Nucleophilic reactions
4.4.9 Amino acids in wool & hair fibers
4.5 Role of wool fiber properties for reinforcement
4.5.1 Positive attributes of wool fiber
4.5.2 Negative attributes of wool fiber
4.5.3 Researchable issues
4.5.4 Prospects of wool-polymer composite
4.5.5 Barrier of wool-polymer composite
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Surface modification treatment methods of wool
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Characteristics and properties of wool
5.3 Surface modification of wool-Physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods
5.3.1 Physical methods
5.3.2 Chemical methods
5.3.3 Enzymatic methods
5.3.4 Environmental aspects and costs of treatments of wool
5.3.5 Perspectives/future trends in surface treatment of wool
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Web Sites
6. Composite preparation techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Matrix and reinforcements
6.3 Advantages of composites
6.4 Preparation techniques
6.4.1 Hand-lay-up
6.4.2 Spray-up
6.4.3 Resin transfer molding (RTM)
6.4.4 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VaRTM)
6.4.5 Resin film infusion (RFI)
6.4.6 Compression molding
6.4.7 Injection molding
6.4.8 Filament winding
6.4.9 Centrifugal casting
6.4.10 Pultrusion process
6.4.11 Hybrid injection-molding/thermoforming
6.4.12 Automated fiber placement
6.4.13 Printing technology
6.4.14 Electrospinning
6.4.15 Prepreg
6.4.16 Autoclave
6.5 Summary
References
7. Bio fillers for biocomposites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Common natural fibers from by-product
7.3 End of life of natural fiber-reinforced biocomposites
7.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
8. Nanotechnological intervention in the wool composites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Wool fiber and advantages
8.2.1 Wool fiber
8.3 Wool classification
8.4 Classification by sheep
8.5 Classification by fleece
8.6 Processing wool
8.7 Advantages of wool
8.8 Nanotechnological approaches on wool
8.9 Wool bio- and nanocomposites
8.10 Summary
References
9. Thermoplastic polymer/wool composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Thermoplastic polymers
9.2.1 Petroleum-based thermoplastics/wool composites
9.2.2 Bio-based thermoplastic/wool composites
9.2.3 Other thermoplastic polymer/wool composites
9.3 Conclusion and future trends
References
10. General testing of wool composites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General testing of wool composites
10.2.1 Physical testing
10.2.2 Mechanical testing
10.2.3 Environmental testing
10.2.4 Chemical testing
10.2.5 Thermal analytical techniques
10.2.6 Flammability assessment
10.3 Conclusion
References
11. Advanced techniques for testing and characterization of wool composites
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Wool composites manufactures
11.3 Characterization approaches
11.4 Morphological analysis
11.4.1 Optical microscope imaging
11.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
11.4.3 X-ray computed tomography for 3D morphological identification
11.5 Mechanical properties
11.5.1 Tensile and flexural tests
11.5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing (DMA)
11.5.3 3D visualization of damage mechanism in mechanical testing
11.6 Thermal analysis
11.6.1 Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC)
11.6.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
11.7 Flame-retardant properties
11.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12. Development of wool fiber incorporated polymer composites
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Composites containing wool: Reinforcement, matrix, processing, and properties
12.2.1 Reinforcement-Wool Fiber as Disperse Phase
12.2.2 Matrix materials
12.2.3 Processing aspects
12.2.4 Properties of composites containing wool fibers
12.3 Perspectives/future trends in wool-containing polymer composites
12.3.1 Matrix
12.3.2 Fully green wool composites
12.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
13. Scope of blending of wool with other synthetic/natural fibers for composites
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Experimental
13.2.1 Materials
13.2.2 Measurements
13.3 Results and discussion
13.3.1 SEM observation
13.3.2 Vibrational analyses
13.3.3 Dielectric analyses
13.3.4 Tensile testing analysis
13.4 Conclusion
References
14. Silk and wool hybrid fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and methods
14.2.1 Materials
14.2.2 Composite fabrication
14.2.3 Composite testing
14.2.4 Scanning electron microscopy
14.2.5 Dielectric properties
14.3 Results and discussion
14.3.1 Structural properties
14.3.2 Tensile properties
14.3.3 Flexural properties of composites
14.3.4 Impact strength
14.3.5 Dielectric properties
Conclusion
References
15. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of wool composites
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mechanical and thermal properties of wool fibers
15.3 Mechanical properties of wool composites
15.4 Mechanical properties of wool sandwich composites
15.5 Viscoelastic properties of wool composites
15.5.1 Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior
15.6 Characterization of wool composites
15.7 Conclusion
References
16. Moisture interactions of wool and wool-based composites
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Water sorption by wool
16.2.1 Effects of wool type
16.3 Effects of moisture on wool fiber properties
16.3.1 Mechanical properties
16.3.2 Thermal properties
16.3.3 Fire resistance
16.4 Wool composites and moisture
16.4.1 Wool plastic composites
16.4.2 Wool geopolymer composites
16.4.3 Modification of wool to change fiber-water interactions
16.4.4 Future wool composites-Moisture sorption as a design feature
16.5 Conclusions
References
17. Abrasive water jet cutting and its optimization model for machining the sheep wool/polyester composites
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Materials and methods
17.2.1 Materials
17.2.2 Methods
17.3 Results and discussions
17.3.1 Effect of input parameters on Ra and Ta
17.3.2 Optimization of machining parameter
17.3.3 Microscopy studies
17.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
18. Wool fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymers for injection molding and 3D-printing
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Wool and other keratinous composite materials
18.3 Mechanical properties of keratinous composite materials
18.4 Wool fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites
18.4.1 Unmodified interface
18.4.2 Modified interface
18.4.3 Low flammability
18.4.4 High availability and low price
18.4.5 Biodegradability and fertilizing effect
18.5 Processing & application of wool fiber-reinforced thermoplastics
18.6 Specific features when processing wool fiber-reinforced PLA in the FDM process
18.7 Specific features when processing wool fiber-reinforced PLA in the injection molding process
18.8 Applications of wool fiber-reinforced composites
18.9 Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
19. Wool composites for hygienic/medical applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Wool keratin: A significant biomolecule for the manufacture of medicinal textiles, biopolymers, and medicines
19.3 Importance of cuticle and cortex of wool fiber
19.4 Keratin extraction from wool fiber
19.5 Commercially available wool-based Medtex products
19.6 Scaffold from wool
19.7 Keratin in biomedical applications
19.7.1 Keratin-based biomaterials
19.7.2 Films and caps with keratin
19.7.3 Three-dimensional keratin system
19.8 Application of wool in medical textiles
19.8.1 Wool wax used in medical applications
19.8.2 Bedsore & pressure sore prevention
19.8.3 Wool-made hospital pile
19.8.4 Wool-made hospital pillows
19.8.5 Sheepskin medical footwear
19.8.6 Foot care made from wool
19.8.7 Surgical mats and cloths of wool
19.8.8 Ward of the hospital-usages of wool
19.8.9 Wool as super absorbent fabrics (SAF) for grooming and healthcare goods
19.8.10 Extracorporeal wool/polytriacidic polymer devices
19.8.11 Wool/ploygluconic fiber artificial kidney
19.8.12 Implantable materials of wool/polypropylene fiber
19.8.13 Wool/PTFE composite vascular prosthesis
19.8.14 The ability of targeted antibiotic transmission from braided surgical sutures to nonglycolic suture
19.8.15 Wool/trichloroacetic acid comonomer adhesive tapes
19.9 Revenue generation of wool/polymeric products inside technical textile market
19.10 Company across the globe in medical textile business
19.11 Conclusions
References
20. Applications of wool composites for construction
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Types of reinforcement mechanism of wool-polymer reinforcement composite
20.2.1 Extrinsic self-healing mechanism for wool-polymer
20.2.2 Intrinsic self-healing mechanism of wool-polymer composite as in buildtex applications
20.3 Materials used in wool-polymer reinforcement composites: Fibers
20.3.1 Fiber-matrix interface
20.4 Innovative/recent materials used in wool-polymer reinforcement composites: Reversible covalent bonds used in wool composites
20.4.1 Supramolecular interactions inside wool building composites
20.4.2 Shape memory polymers-based wool composite polymers
20.4.3 Clay-based composites with sheep wool fibers as reinforcement
20.4.4 Soil-based composites with sheep wool fibers as reinforcement
20.5 Significance of innovative of wool composite polymer blends
20.5.1 Damage modes and analysis of wool composite materials: Due to static overloading
20.5.2 Due to fatigue loading
20.5.3 Due to impact loading
20.6 Conclusion
References
21. Conductive polymer-coated wool composites for novel applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Conductive polymers
21.3 The reason of electrical conductivity in conducting polymers
21.4 Methods of preparations of conductive polymer-coated wool fibers
21.4.1 In-situ chemical polymerization
21.4.2 In-situ electrochemical polymerization
21.4.3 In-situ vapor phase polymerization
21.4.4 Mist polymerization
21.5 Polypyrrole-coated wool fibers
21.6 Polyaniline-coated wool fiber
21.7 Coloration of wool by coating with conductive polymers
21.8 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of PPy-coated wool
21.9 Interaction of wool fiber and conductive polymers at the interface
21.10 Thermal stability and durability property of the wool/conductive polymer-coated wool
21.11 Heat transfer behavior and thermal conductivity of conductive polymer-coated wool
21.12 Conductive polymer-based wool composites for electromagnetic shielding
21.13 Conductive polymer-based wool composites for pH sensor
21.14 Conductive polymer-based wool composites as bending strain sensor
21.15 Conductive polymer-based wool composites as humidity sensor
21.16 Antimicrobial effect of conductive polymer-coated wool composites
21.17 Conclusions and future perspective
References
Index