Wood Polymer Composites: Recent Advancements and Applications (Composites Science and Technology)

✍ Scribed by Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa (editor), Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai (editor), Mohit Hemanth Kumar (editor), Suchart Siengchin (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 278
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book comprehensively covers the different topics of wood polymer composite materials mainly synthesis methods for the composite materials, various characterization techniques to study the superior properties and insights on potential advanced applications. It also discusses the chemistry, fabrication process, properties, applications, recycling and life cycle assessment of wood polymer composites. This is a useful reference source for both engineers and researchers working in composite materials science as well as the students attending materials science, physics, chemistry and engineering courses.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction to Wood Polymer Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Fabrication Methods of Wood Plastic Composites
3 Mechanical Characteristics of Wood Polymer Composites
3.1 Thermoplastic Wood Polymer Laminates
3.2 Thermoset Wood Polymer Laminates
3.3 Biopolymer Wood Polymer Laminates
3.4 Enhanced Mechanical Characteristics of Wood Laminates by the Treatment Process
3.5 Enhanced Mechanical Characteristics of Wood Laminates from Hybridization
4 Water Absorption Characteristics of Wood Laminates
5 Thermal Characteristics of Wood Polymer Laminates
6 Applications of Wood-Based Polymer Composites
7 Conclusion
References
2 Manufacturing of Wood Polymer Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Manufacturing Methods of WPCs and NFCs
1.2 Thermoset Composites
1.3 Thermoplastic Composites
2 Preparation of Natural/Wood Fibers for Reinforcement
3 Treatments for Improving Interfacial Strength
4 Manufacturing Methods for WPCs
4.1 Hand Lay-Up Technique
4.1.1 Advantages of Hand Lay-Up Method
4.1.2 Disadvantages of Hand Lay-Up Method
4.2 Spray Lay-Up Technique
4.2.1 Advantages of Spray Lay-Up Method
4.2.2 Disadvantages of Spray Lay-Up Method
4.3 Vacuum Bagging Process
4.3.1 Advantages of Vacuum Bagging
4.3.2 Disadvantages of Vacuum Bagging
4.4 Filament Winding Process
4.4.1 Advantages of Filament Winding Technique
4.4.2 Disadvantages of Filament Winding
4.5 Pultrusion
4.5.1 Advantages of Pultrusion Process
4.5.2 Disadvantages of Pultrusion Process
4.6 Injection Molding Process
4.6.1 Advantages of Injection Molding Process
4.6.2 Disadvantages of Injection Molding Process
4.7 Extrusion Process
4.7.1 Advantages of Extrusion Process
4.7.2 Disadvantages of Pultrusion Process
4.8 Resin Transfer Molding - RTM
4.8.1 Advantages of RTM
4.8.2 Disadvantages of RTM
4.9 Compression Molding Process
4.9.1 Advantages of Compression Molding Process
4.9.2 Disadvantages of Compression Molding Process
5 Key Parameters for Successful Processing of NFCs/WPCs (Summerscales and Grove 2014)
5.1 Moisture Content
5.2 Thermal Transition Temperature
5.3 Heat Due to Exothermic Reaction
5.4 Evolution of Volatile Materials
5.5 Rheology Behavior of Polymer
5.6 Permeability
5.7 Shrinkage
6 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
3 Wood Treatments and Interfacial Bonding in Wood-Plastic Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Interfacial Adhesion in Wood-Plastic Composites
2.1 Wood Physical Treatments to Improve Interfacial Bonding in Composites
2.2 Wood Chemical Treatments to Improve Interfacial Bonding in Composites
2.3 Others Wood Treatments Used to Improve Interfacial Bonding in Composites
3 Wood Impregnation and Chemical Modification Using Sustainable Reagents
4 Wood Composites Developed with Coupling Agents and Compatibilizers from Renewable Sources
5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
4 Property Improvements of Wood and Wood-Plastic Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Property Improvements by Wood Flour/Polymer Interface Modifications
2.1 Chemical Treatments
2.2 Physical Treatments
3 Property Improvements by Incorporating Nanofillers
4 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
5 Morphological Characterization of the Wood Polymer Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Factors Influencing Properties of the WPC
1.2 Applications of the WPC
2 Morphological Characterization of the WPC
3 Interfacial Properties in Terms of Morphology of the WPC
4 Surface Modification of WF
5 Aging Effects on Morphology of the WPC
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
6 Mechanical Properties of Wood Polymer Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Tensile Test
3 Flexural Behavior
4 Impact Strength
5 Micromechanical Modelling of WPCs
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
7 Structure of Wood Fiber and Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of Wood Polymer Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Natural Fiber
2.1 Structure of Wood or Natural Fiber
2.1.1 Cellulose
2.1.2 Hemicellulose
2.1.3 Pectin
2.1.4 Lignin
2.1.5 Extractives
3 Strength of Natural Fibers
4 Strength of Wood Plastic Composites
4.1 Mechanical Testing of WPCs
4.1.1 Chemical Composition of Wood Fiber
4.1.2 Measurement of Physical Properties
4.1.3 Tensile Test
4.1.4 Flexural Test
4.1.5 Compression Test
4.1.6 Impact Test
4.2 Mathematical models
5 Factors Effecting Strength of WPCs
5.1 Effect of Matrix Material
5.2 Effect of Wood species
5.3 Effect of Particle Size
5.4 Effect of Fraction of Wood Fiber
5.5 Effect of Additives
5.6 Effect of Manufacturing Process
6 Improvement of Strength and Water Resistance of WPCs
7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
8 Thermal Properties and Flammability of Wood Plastic Composites
Abstract
1 Composites
2 Wood Plastic Composites
3 Thermal Properties of Wood Plastic Composites
3.1 Thermal Properties of Thermoplastics in Wood Plastic Composites
3.1.1 Polypropylene
3.1.2 Polyethylene
3.2 Methods to Analyse Thermal Properties of Wood Plastic Composites
3.3 Composition of Wood Plastic Composites
3.4 Wood Species Variations in Wood Plastic Composites
3.5 Improving Thermal Properties of Wood Plastic Composites
3.5.1 Reinforcement of Polymers with Natural Fibres
3.5.2 Compatibilizer
3.5.3 Coupling Agent
3.5.4 Reinforcing Fillers
3.6 Thermal Conductivity of Wood Plastic Composites
4 Flammability of Wood Plastic Composites
4.1 Plastic Effects on Flammability
4.2 Effect of Mineral Fillers on Flammability
4.3 Effect of Density on Flammability
4.4 Composite Ignition and Mineral Fillers
4.5 Flame Retardant Materials
5 Conclusion
6 Future Perspective
References
9 Tribology of Wood Polymer Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Tribological Behavior of Thermoset/Wood Fiber-Reinforced Composites
3 Tribological Behavior of Thermoplastics/Wood Fiber-Reinforced Composites
4 Morphology Characterization of the Worn Surface of the Wood Polymer Composites
5 Tribological Behavior of Wood Filler Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
References
10 Water Absorption and Swelling Behaviour of Wood Plastic Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Water Absorption of Wood Plastic Composite
3 Swelling Test
3.1 Tests for Wood Swelling Caused by Direct Contact of Water
3.2 Tests for Wood Swelling due to Humidity
4 Swelling Behaviour of Wood Polymer Composites
5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
11 Long Term Natural Weathering of PP Based WPCs: The Effect of TiO2 on Selected Color, Physical, Mechanical, Morphological and Chemical Properties
Abstract
1 Introductıon
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Methods
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Color Changes of the Samples During Weathering
3.2 Density and Selected Mechanical Properties of the Samples
3.3 Surface Morphology of the Samples
3.4 Surface Chemical Changes Due to Weathering
4 Conclusions
References
12 Life–Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Plastic–Wood Composites
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Review of Life Cycle Evaluation of Composites of Plastic and Wood
2.1 Framework of Life Cycle Evaluation
2.1.1 Objective and Scope
2.1.2 Inventory Analysis
2.1.3 Impact Assessment
2.1.4 Interpretation
2.2 Life Cycle Evaluation of Wood-Plastic Composites
2.2.1 Production Phase
2.2.2 Use Phase
2.2.3 End of Life
2.3 Summary
3 A Case Study:
4 Process of Life-Cycle Assessment
4.1 The Data Collection
5 Modeling Life-Cycle Assessment
6 Goal and Scope
6.1 System Boundaries and Functional Unit
6.2 Sources of Data
6.3 Assembly
6.4 Use Phase
6.5 End of Life
6.6 Allocation
6.7 Impact Evaluation Methods
7 Inventory
7.1 Use of Energy
7.1.1 Major Greenhouse Gases
7.1.2 Major Air Pollutants
8 Impact Assessment
8.1 Production of Wood Powder
8.2 Assembly of the Panels
8.3 End of Life
8.4 Life-Cycle Comparisons of the Panels
8.5 Elements’ Having Role in Life Cycles of the Panels
9 Interpretation.
9.1 Sensitivity Analysis
10 The Possible Effect of the European Union Legislation on the End-of-Life Vehicles
11 Conclusions
References
13 Environmental Impact of Wood Based Biocomposite Using Life Cycle Assessment Methodology
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Survey
3 Life Cycle Assessment Methodology
3.1 Goal and Scope Definition
3.2 Inventory
3.3 Impact Assessment
3.4 Interpretation
4 Simplified Case Study
4.1 Goal and Scope
4.2 System Boundary
4.3 Inventory Data
4.4 Impact Assessment Method
5 Results
5.1 EcoIndicator 99 Assessment Method
5.2 CML Assessment Method
5.3 Comparative Study
6 Conclusion
References