Wireless Sensor Networks for Tactical Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (T-ISR)

✍ Scribed by Tim Cole

• Publisher: Artech House
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 377
• Series: Information Warfare
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This comprehensive resource demonstrates how wireless sensor network (WSN) systems, a key element of the Internet of Things (IoT), are designed and evaluated to solve problems associated with autonomous sensing systems. Functional blocks that form WSN-based systems are described, chapter by chapter, providing the reader with a progressive learning path through all aspects of designing remote sensing capabilities using a WSN-based system. The development and a full description of fundamental performance equations and technological solutions required by these real-time systems are included. This book explores the objectives and goals associated with tactical intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (T-ISR) missions. Readers gain insight into the correlation between fine-grained sensor resolution associated with WSN-based system complexities and the difficult requirements associated with T-ISR missions. The book demonstrates how to wield emergent technologies to arrive at reliable and robust wireless networking for T-ISR and associated tasks using low-cost, low-power persistent sensor nodes. WSN is broken down into constituent subsystems, key components, functional descriptions, and attendant mathematical descriptions. This resource explains how the design of each element can be approached and successfully integrated into a viable and responsive sensor system that is autonomous, adaptable to mission objectives and environments, and deployable worldwide. It also provides examples of what not to do based on lessons learned from past (and current) systems that failed to provide end users with the required information. Chapters are linked together, in order of system assembly (concepts to operation), to provide the reader with a full toolset that can help deliver versatility in design decisions, solutions, and understanding of such systems, end to end.

✦ Table of Contents

Designing Wireless Sensor Network Solutions
for Tactical ISR
Contents
Preface
References
1 T-ISR Sensor Systems: Background and Overview
1.1 T-ISR Challenge: Sensor System Data Volume
1.2 T-ISR Network Sensor Predecessor: Unattended Ground Sensor
1.3 T-ISR System Data Processing Flow
1.4 ISR Overview: The Strategic, Operational, and Tactical ISR Levels
1.5 Confluence of Enabling Technologies for WSN
1.5.1 Packet-Switched Digital Networks
1.5.2 MEMS
1.5.3 The Worldwide Grid and DoDIN
1.5.4 VLSI
1.5.5 Embedded Real-Time Coding (Middleware)
1.5.6 Portable Power Source and Generation
1.5.7 Technology Confluence: WSN Research and Development
References
2
Designing a T-ISR System
2.1 ISR Definitions
2.2 T-ISR Objectives
2.3 ISR Reach: Worldwide Versus Localized
2.4 Leveraging Target Characterization: Signature Extraction
2.5 Target Identification Against Operational Backgrounds
2.6 T-ISR System Data Product Formation
2.7 T-ISR Data Product Dissemination
2.8 T-ISR System Engineering
2.9 Monitoring Development and Testing Progress
2.10 Downstream Use of ISR Data
References
3
The WSN as a T-ISR System
3.1 WSN Node
3.2 WSN Node (Mote) Functions
3.3 WSN Mote Subsystems and Examples
3.3.1 WSN Microcontroller
3.3.2 Mote-Based Data Acquisition
3.3.3 RF Transceivers
3.3.4 Mote-Based Sensor Modalities
3.4 Adapting WSN Functionality to Address T-ISR Missions
3.4.1 Predeployment Considerations
3.4.2 Network Management System
3.4.3 Sensor Signal Processing
3.4.4 Data/Status Communications
3.4.5 Power Management
3.4.6 Standardization and Legacy
3.4.7 Physical Attributes
3.5 Cooperative (Tiered) Architecture
References
Selected Bibliography
4
Ad Hoc Network Technology
4.1 Overview: Packet Switching
4.1.1 Flow Control
4.1.2 Congestion Control
4.1.3 Error Control
4.2 Basic Network Modeling Using the Poisson Distribution
4.3 Standards: The OSI Reference Model
4.4 Implementation Standards: TCP/IP Packet Model
4.5 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Standards: Cross-Layer Model
4.6 Ad Hoc Network Architectures
4.7 MANET Background
4.8 MANET Overview
4.9 Routing Protocol Classification
4.10 WSN and MANET Comparison
4.10.1 WSN-MANET Commonalities
4.10.2 WSN-MANET Differences
4.10.3 WSN-MANET Convergence
4.11 MANET Challenges: Issues and Vulnerabilities
4.12 MANET Susceptibility and Attack Schema
4.12.1 Black Hole Attack
4.12.2 Active Attack
4.12.3 Flooding Attack
4.12.4 Wormhole Attack
4.12.5 Gray-Hole Attack
4.12.6 Link Spoofing Attack
4.12.7 SYN Flooding Attack
4.12.8 Session Hijacking
References
5
Basis of WSN System Performance: Theory and Application
5.1 Evaluation of System-Level Development
5.2 Developing the Baseline T-ISR System Design
5.3 System Engineering and Design Technical Performance
5.4 Identifying Technical and Key Performance Parameters
5.5 System and Subsystem Objectives
5.6 Target/Signal Detection Theory
5.6.1 Detection via Conditional Probability Distributions
5.6.2 Gaussian Noise Characterization
5.6.3 Poisson Noise Characterization
5.7 Downstream Sensor Functions
References
6
WSN Wireless Connectivity Design and Performance
6.1 WSN Link Performance: Overview of Propagation Models
6.2 Propagation Models
6.2.1 Basic Propagation Model, Free Space (Friis Equation)
6.2.2 Multipath-Induced Signal Fading
6.2.3 Near-Ground Consideration: Two-Ray Fading Model
6.2.4 Near-Ground + Obstructions: Lognormal Shadowing Model
6.2.5 Rayleigh Fading Model
6.2.6 Rician Fading Model
6.2.7 TWDP Fading Model
6.2.8 Selective Frequency Fading
6.2.9 Mobility-Induced Selective Frequency Fading
6.2.10 Additional RF Path Loss Models
6.3 WSN Transceiver Characteristics
6.3.1 Transceiver Performance
6.3.2 Signal Loss Mechanisms and Noise Sources
6.3.3 Quadrature Sampling Advantages
6.4 Overall RF Transceiver Performance
6.4.1 Minimum Received Power (SNR)
6.4.2 RSSI
6.4.3 Packet Loss Indication
6.4.4 Monitoring of BER
6.5 External RF Connectivity
References
Selected Bibliography
7
Localization
7.1 Geolocation (Navigation Satellite Constellations)
7.2 GPS Overview
7.2.1 GPS Codes
7.2.2 GPS (GNSS) Chipsets for WSN
7.2.3 GPS Chipset Performance
7.3 Range-Based Transference
7.3.1 RSSI Approach
7.3.2 TOA Approach
7.3.3 Angle of Arrival
7.3.4 Distance-Vector Hop Count
7.4 Special Localization: Walking GPS
References
8
WSN Middleware-Based Functions
8.1 WSN Foundation: Middleware, Services, and Resources
8.2 WSN Middleware Virtualization
8.3 WSN Middleware-Enabled Capabilities
8.4 Persistent Monitoring
8.5 WSN Functional Requirements
8.5.1 Detection Function
8.5.2 Tracking Function
8.5.3 Discrimination/Classification Functions
8.5.4 Identification
8.6 Power Management
8.6.1 MAC Consideration
8.6.2 Low-Power Microcontroller Solutions
8.6.3 Power Source: Battery Source
8.6.4 Power Source: Energy-Harvesting
8.7 Reliability
8.7.1 Reliable Transport Design
8.7.2 Reliable Code Propagation
8.8 Security
8.8.1 Cryptographic Key Management
8.8.2 Cryptocoprocessor
8.8.3 LPI and LPD
8.8.4 Command Authenticity
References
9
WSN Sensor Modalities
9.1 Sensor Operational Considerations
9.2 Passive Optical Sensor Modalities
9.2.1 PIR
9.2.2 Passive Imaging Sensors
9.2.3 Thermal Imaging for WSN
9.2.4 Visible Imaging (Camera) for WSN
9.3 Active Optical Sensor: MLR
9.4 Seismic Sensors
9.5 Acoustic Sensors
9.6 Magnetometers
9.7 Chemical-Biological Sensors
References
10
WSN System Deployment and Integration
10.1 Deployment Considerations
10.1.1 Mission Objectives
10.1.2 Proximity to Human Activities
10.1.3 Terrain Considerations
10.1.4 Weather/Climate
10.2 Deployment Planning Approach and Tools
10.3 Deployment Configuration (AOI Coverage)
10.4 Deployment Mechanisms
10.5 WSN System Integration
10.5.1 Open Geospatial Consortium
10.5.2 IEEE 1451: Smart Transducer Interface Standards
10.6 User Integration
10.6.1 Legacy Integration
10.6.2 C2PC Common Operating Picture
10.6.3 FalconView
10.6.4 Cursor-on-Target
References
11
WSN Application to T-ISR
11.1 Conceptualizing the Use of WSN for Military Applications
11.2 I&T of WSN Systems
11.2.1 DARPA Smart Dust: The 29-Palms Demonstrations
11.2.2 DARPA: A Line in the Sand Demonstrations
11.3 Integration of WSN with Sensor Web Services
11.3.1 Semantic Sensor Web
11.3.2 DHS (Customs and Border Patrol) Cueing Demonstration
11.4 WSN as IoBT
11.5 Examples of Ongoing DoD Activities
References
About the Author
Index