Wireless Communication Network Technology and Evolution

✍ Scribed by Shilin Wang, Yunfei Cai, Youyun Xu, Yuanyang Cai

• Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 647
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a panoramic overview on wireless communication network technologies and its evolution, namely cellular mobile networks (especially 5G), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT).With rich experiences in teaching and scientific research, the renowned authors selectively analyze several key technologies that restrict the performance of wireless communication and computer networks.For easy reading, each chapter is illustrated in somewhat the style of lesson plan.The useful reference text will benefit both undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of wireless communication, computer networks, electronic engineering, automatic control, etc.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Foreword by Pin Zhang
Foreword by Qihui Wu
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1 Mobile Communication Basics
1.1 Methods to Improve Data Transmission Rate
1.1.1 Adoption of high-order modulation
1.1.1.1 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
1.1.1.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM )
1.1.2 Adoption of MIMO technology
1.1.2.1 What is MIMO?
1.1.2.2 Types of MIMO
1.1.2.3 Principle of spatial reuse
1.1.3 Adoption of carrier aggregation technology
1.1.4 Development of new frequency bands
1.2 Methods of Anti-Symbol Interference
1.2.1 Transmission characteristics of wireless channel
1.2.1.1 Multipath effect
1.2.1.2 Doppler shift
1.2.2 OFDM working principle
1.2.2.1 OFDM modulator
1.2.2.2 OFDM demodulator
1.2.2.3 Guard interval and cyclic prefix
1.2.2.4 Channel estimation for OFDM system
1.2.2.5 OFDMA multiple access mode
1.2.2.6 OFDM parameters
1.3 Error Control Method
1.3.1 FEC code
1.3.2 CRC code
1.3.2.1 CRC encoding
1.3.2.2 CRC decoding
1.3.3 HARQ
1.3.3.1 What is HARQ?
1.3.3.2 What is HARQ for soft merge?
1.3.3.3 Link rate adaptation and soft combination HARQ
1.3.3.4 Comparison of HARQ and ARQ
1.4 Diagram of Baseband Chip
1.5 RF Chip Diagram
1.6 BB Chip and RF Chip Interface
1.7 LTE Frame Structure and Resource Configuration
1.7.1 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
1.7.1.1 Downlink
1.7.1.2 Uplink
1.7.2 Time Division Duplex
1.7.2.1 Frame structure
1.7.2.2 Resource grid
1.8 Terminal Category
1.9 LTE RF Frequency Band and Bandwidth
1.9.1 LTE frequency band
1.9.2 LTE-specified channel bandwidth
1.9.3 Location of RF carrier frequency
1.10 How to Choose the Modulation Order of MQAM
1.11 4G Network Architecture
1.11.1 Network composition
1.11.2 Core network
1.11.3 Radio access network
1.11.3.1 RAN architecture
1.11.3.2 RAN protocol stack
1.11.3.3 User plane protocol stack
1.11.3.4 Control plane protocol stack
Chapter 2 Evolution from 1G to 4G
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Channel Capacity — Shannon Formula
2.2.1 Application of Shannon’s formula in mobile communication
2.2.2 Strategies to improve system data transmission rate
2.3 Technical Measures Adopted in the Evolution
2.3.1 2G technical measures
2.3.2 3G technical measures
2.3.3 4G technical measures
2.4 Working Principle of Carrier Aggregation (CA)
2.4.1 The background of proposing CA
2.4.2 Carrier aggregation scheme
2.4.3 Data aggregation scheme
2.4.4 Bit error rate performance of CA
2.5 Several Basic Concepts
2.5.1 Diversity and multiplexing
2.5.2 Transmitting data rate
2.5.3 Throughput of receiving end data
2.5.4 Streaming media
2.5.5 Data traffic
2.5.6 Network speed
2.5.7 Billing methods of network operators
2.5.8 Application of Wi-Fi in Smart Home
2.5.9 Icon
2.5.10 Terminal category
2.5.11 User surfing process
2.5.11.1 4G network architecture
2.5.11.2 Data transmission process in LTE network
2.5.12 VoLTE
Chapter 3 Evolution of Wireless Local Area Network
3.1 The Past and Present of Wi-Fi
3.1.1 The origin of Wi-Fi
3.1.2 Enhance Wi-Fi speed
3.1.3 GB-level Wi-Fi
3.2 Comparison of Wi-Fi (4/5/6)
3.2.1 Protocol
3.2.2 Modulation
3.2.3 Bandwidth and frequency band
3.2.4 Spatial stream
3.2.5 Wi-Fi data rate algorithm
3.2.6 OFDMA
3.3 Home Wi-Fi Router Penetrates Wall and Networking Solution
3.3.1 The problem of Wi-Fi penetrating walls
3.3.2 Wi-Fi protocol and spectrum
3.3.2.1 2.4 GHz frequency band
3.3.2.2 5 GHz frequency band
3.3.3 Router’s data rate estimation
3.3.4 The emergence of dual-band routers
3.3.5 Why Wi-Fi signal is often not strong enough?
3.3.6 How can I improve the Wi-Fi signal?
3.3.6.1 Scene 1
3.3.6.2 Scene 2
3.4 Enterprise Wi-Fi Networking Scheme and Applications
3.4.1 Overview of enterprise Wi-Fi networking and applications
3.4.2 Wi-Fi construction requirements
3.4.3 Principles of network construction
3.4.4 Network architecture
3.4.5 Scenario-based solutions
3.4.5.1 Wireless office scenario
3.4.5.1.1 Secure access authentication
3.4.5.1.2 Wi-Fi intelligent attendance
3.4.5.1.3 Internal information security assurance
3.4.5.1.4 Internet behavior control
3.4.5.1.5 Flow control/network optimization
3.4.5.1.6 Wired and wireless integration
3.4.5.1.7 Smart security network card
3.4.5.2 Wireless warehouse and production workshop scenario
3.4.5.2.1 Device access security
3.4.5.2.2 Mobile zero-roaming networking with the same frequency
3.4.5.2.3 Forklift wireless monitoring
3.4.5.2.4 Wi-Fi smoke detector system
3.4.5.2.5 Wi-Fi voice system
3.4.5.2.6 Integration with MES system
3.4.5.2.7 RFID asset tracking management
3.4.5.3 Staff dormitory scenario
3.4.5.3.1 Coverage
3.4.5.3.2 Certification and charging scheme
3.4.5.4 Smart energy management solution
3.4.5.4.1 Network architecture (see Figure 3.40)
3.4.5.4.2 Electricity consumption statistics and data analysis
3.4.5.4.3 Power consumption strategy
3.4.5.4.4 Data security guarantee
3.4.6 Wireless stability solution
3.4.6.1 Smart radio frequency
3.4.6.1.1 Smart RF power adjustment
3.4.6.1.2 Smart channel optimization
3.4.6.2 Smart load balancing
3.4.6.2.1 Frequency band load balancing
3.4.6.2.2 Load balancing between access points
3.4.6.2.3 Dynamic load guidance (anti-terminal sticking)
3.4.6.3 Radio air interface optimization
3.4.6.4 High-density optimization
3.4.6.5 Broadcast optimization
3.5 Wireless Customer Premise Equipment
3.6 Looking to the Future of Wi-Fi
Chapter 4 Evolution of the Internet of Things
4.1 The Past and Future of Internet of Things
4.1.1 The origin of the Internet of Things
4.1.2 America: Smart Earth
4.1.3 Germany: Industry 4.0
4.1.4 China: Perceive China and made in China (2025)
4.2 Overview of the IoT
4.2.1 Definition of the IoT
4.2.2 Architecture of the IoT
4.2.3 Classification of the IoT
4.2.4 Typical applications of the IoT
4.3 Brief Introduction to Zigbee, LoRa and Sigfox
4.3.1 Zigbee
4.3.2 Long Range Radio (LoRa)
4.3.3 Sigfox
4.3.4 Wi-Fi
4.3.5 Ultra-Wide Band
4.3.6 Cat 1
4.3.7 C-V2X and LTE-V2X
4.3.8 (2/3/4/5) G IoT
4.4 NB-IoT
4.4.1 Evolution of NB
4.4.2 Typical application of NB
4.4.3 NB design ideas
4.4.4 NB network
4.4.4.1 NB network architecture
4.4.4.2 NB service data transmission path
4.4.4.3 CP scheme protocol stack
4.4.4.4 UP scheme protocol stack
4.4.4.5 Short message transmission scheme
4.4.4.6 Working frequency band (radio frequency)
4.4.5 Physical layer
4.4.5.1 Working mode
4.4.5.2 Downlink
4.4.5.3 Uplink
4.4.6 How to realize the four key technical requirements of NB
4.4.6.1 Enhanced uplink coverage
4.4.6.2 Terminal low power consumption
4.4.6.3 Terminal low cost
4.4.6.4 Large connection
4.5 eMTC
4.5.1 Typical applications of eMTC
4.5.2 The design idea of eMTC
4.5.3 Evolution of eMTC
4.5.4 Comparison of eMTC and NB system performance
4.5.5 Comparison of eMTC and NB terminal performance
4.5.6 Comparison of four types of cellular IoT performance
4.6 NB Application Example: NB Smart Water Meter
4.6.1 NB smart water meter
4.6.1.1 Common disadvantages in the water industry
4.6.1.2 Problems of traditional smart water meters
4.6.1.2.1 Data transmission security issues
4.6.1.2.2 Power consumption issues
4.6.1.2.3 Network coverage issues
4.6.1.2.4 Access problems with a large number of water meters
4.6.1.3 NB smart water meter practice
4.6.1.4 Technical advantages of NB smart water meter
4.6.2 NB smart water meter solution
4.6.2.1 NB smart water meter overall solution (Figure 4.28)
4.6.2.1.1 Terminal layer
4.6.2.1.2 Network layer
4.6.2.1.3 Cloud computing platform
4.6.2.1.4 IoT platform
4.6.2.1.5 Application layer
4.6.2.2 Advantages of NB smart water meter solution
4.6.2.2.1 Better signal coverage in 800 Mbps frequency band
4.6.2.2.2 Private network services ensure safe and reliable data transmission
4.6.2.2.3 Intelligent network is perceivable and manageable
4.6.2.2.4 IoT platform enables rapid construction and deployment of water applications
4.7 NB Becomes a 5G Technical Standard
4.8 Future of the IoT
4.9 NB-IoT Standard Progress
Chapter 5 5G Overview
5.1 Three Application Scenarios of 5G Network
5.1.1 eMBB
5.1.1.1 3D video (VR and AR)
5.1.1.2 UHD video
5.1.2 URLLC
5.1.2.1 Technical measures adopted to achieve ultra-low latency
5.1.2.2 Measures to achieve ultra-high reliability
5.1.3 massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)
5.1.3.1 mMTC application examples
5.1.3.2 Features of mMTC IoT
5.1.3.3 Technical requirements for mMTC IoT
5.2 Eight 5G Performance Indicators
5.2.1 Peak rate (Gbps)
5.2.2 User experience rate (Mbps or Gbps)
5.2.3 Spectrum efficiency (bps/Hz)
5.2.4 Mobility (km/h)
5.2.5 Air interface delay (ms)
5.2.6 Connection density (number of devices/km2)
5.2.7 Energy efficiency (b/J is the number of bits per joule)
5.2.8 Traffic density (Mbps/m²)
5.3 5G Working Frequency Band
5.3.1 Relationship between 5G frequency band number and 4G frequency band number
5.3.2 The reason for n77 including n78
5.3.3 Supplementary frequency band
5.3.4 Frequency bands that 5G NR will preferentially use
5.3.5 Description of mmWave frequency band
5.4 5G Networking Solution
5.4.1 LTE dual connectivity architecture
5.4.2 User plane
5.4.3 Control plane
5.4.4 Series 3
5.4.5 Series 7
5.4.6 Series 4
5.4.7 Voice processing methods in 5G
5.4.7.1 2/3G
5.4.7.2 4G
5.4.7.3 5G
5.5 5G Network Architecture
5.5.1 5G core network architecture
5.5.2 5G radio access network architecture
5.5.2.1 Access network interface
5.5.2.2 Radio access network protocol architecture
5.5.3 5G mobility management
5.5.3.1 Mobility in idle state and inactive state
5.5.3.2 Mobility in the connected state
5.6 5G NR Physical Layer
5.6.1 5G NR design idea
5.6.2 Modulation
5.6.3 Waveform
5.6.3.1 NR uplink/downlink transmission waveform
5.6.3.2 Sidelink and wireless backhaul
5.6.3.3 Power spectral density of OFDM waveform
5.6.4 Physical resources
5.6.4.1 Physical resource structure
5.6.4.2 Physical resource parameter set
5.6.4.3 NR frame structure
5.6.4.4 NR mini-slot
5.6.5 Application of NR parameter set
5.6.5.1 Synchronization error
5.6.5.2 Service reuse
5.6.5.3 Cell size, working frequency band and mobility
5.6.6 RF channel bandwidth
5.6.6.1 Working frequency band
5.6.6.2 Electromagnetic wave radiation limit
5.6.6.3 Base station channel bandwidth
5.6.6.4 Channel frequency band utilization
5.6.6.5 NR carrier aggregation
5.6.6.6 Partial bandwidth of NR terminal
5.6.7 LTE/NR dual connection base station deployment plan
5.6.8 LTE/NR spectrum coexistence
5.6.9 NR duplex mechanism
5.6.10 NR physical signal
5.6.11 NR multi-antenna technology
5.6.11.1 Diversity
5.6.11.2 Space reuse
5.6.11.3 Beamforming
5.6.12 NR non-orthogonal multiple access
5.6.12.1 Overview of multiple access
5.6.12.2 Comparison of channel capacity of two multiple access methods
5.6.12.3 Several non-orthogonal multiple access methods
5.6.13 Summary of key technologies at the physical layer
5.7 NR Terminal Access Process
5.7.1 Cell search
5.7.2 Random access
5.8 Communication Equation and Path Loss
5.8.1 Communication equation
5.8.2 Estimation of path loss
5.9 Application of High-Frequency Band in 5G
5.9.1 The research and development of the high-frequency band is divided into several stages
5.9.2 High-frequency band performance characteristics
5.9.3 High-frequency band use cases and deployment methods
5.9.3.1 Use cases
5.9.3.2 Deployment method
5.9.4 5G NR high-frequency band-related technologies
5.10 5G Millimeter Wave Technology
5.10.1 Introduction to 5G millimeter wave technology
5.10.1.1 5G millimeter wave is the inevitable direction of communication technology evolution
5.10.1.2 The globally coordinated allocation of 5G millimeter wave spectrum is steadily advancing
5.10.1.3 5G millimeter wave has begun commercial deployment
5.10.1.4 5G millimeter wave is strongly supported by policies in China
5.10.1.5 Progress of 5G millimeter wave standards
5.10.2 Advantages of 5G millimeter wave technology (Table 5.19)
5.10.2.1 Rich frequency resources and huge bandwidth
5.10.2.2 Easy to combine beamforming technology
5.10.2.3 Very low latency can be achieved
5.10.2.4 Can support dense cell deployment
5.10.2.5 High-precision positioning is possible
5.10.2.6 High device integration
5.10.3 Challenges and solutions faced by 5G millimeter technology
5.10.3.1 5G millimeter wave coverage optimization
5.10.3.2 5G millimeter wave mobility management
5.10.3.3 5G millimeter wave product realization
5.10.3.4 5G millimeter wave test
5.10.3.5 Coexistence of 5G millimeter wave and low frequency
5.10.3.6 Implementation of 5G millimeter wave flexible air interface
5.10.4 Application scenarios and successful cases of 5G millimeter wave
5.10.4.1 Indoor and outdoor transportation hubs, venues and other hot spots
5.10.4.2 Industry applications (especially the Industrial Internet)
5.10.4.3 Wireless broadband access (FWA, Fixed Wireless Access) in homes and office buildings
5.10.5 5G millimeter wave summary
Chapter 6 Main Key Technologies in 5G
6.1 Core Network
6.1.1 NFV and SDN
6.1.1.1 Several benefits of NFV and SDN
6.1.1.2 NFV function and architecture
6.1.1.3 SDN function and architecture
6.1.2 Network slicing
6.1.3 Multi-access edge computing
6.1.4 Service-based architecture (SBA)
6.1.5 Control and User Plane Separation
6.1.5.1 Control plane
6.1.5.2 User plane
6.1.6 Evolution of network architecture
6.2 Bearer Network (Fronthaul Network and Backhaul Network)
6.2.1 Backhaul
6.2.2 Fronthaul
6.3 Radio Access Network
6.3.1 Cloud Radio Access Network
6.3.2 New modulation and coding technology
6.3.2.1 LDPC code
6.3.2.2 Polar code
6.3.2.3 Performance comparison of the three channel codes
6.3.3 Ultra-dense HetNet and small cell
6.3.4 Software-defined radio
6.3.5 Cognitive radio
6.3.6 Self-organizing network
6.3.7 Device-to-device communication
6.3.8 Massive MIMO
6.3.9 Millimeter wave
6.3.10 Waveform and multiple access technology
6.3.11 In-band full duplex
6.3.12 Carrier aggregation
6.3.13 Dual connection
6.3.14 Low latency technology
6.3.15 Low-power wide-area network technology (LPWA)
6.3.16 Satellite communications
Chapter 7 The Situation and Development of 5G and Future 6G
7.1 Current Situation of 5G in China
7.1.1 Frequency band of 5G
7.1.2 5G networking solution
7.1.3 5G network functions
7.2 Current Situation of 5G in the United States
7.2.1 The US’s 5G is built to make up the drawback of low coverage density of 4G and broadband networks
7.2.2 The US favors NSA solution, while China clearly adopts SA solution
7.3 R16 Version of 5G
7.3.1 3GPP R15
7.3.2 3GPP R16
7.4 5G R17 Version
7.5 The Future of 6G
7.5.1 What is the main driving force for the evolution from 5G to 6G?
7.5.2 What is 6G?
7.5.3 6G network performance indicators and potential key technologies
7.5.3.1 6G network performance indicators
7.5.3.2 6G potential key technologies
7.5.4 Brief description of 6G white book
7.5.4.1 6G triggers life changes
7.5.4.2 Performance surpasses 5G 100 times
7.5.4.3 Technical problems still need to be solved
7.6 Starlink
7.6.1 Starlink project in the United States
7.6.2 China’s Starlink project
7.6.2.1 Shanzhi Chen suggested the development of China’s LEO satellite communications: Compatible with 5G, integrate with 6G
7.6.2.2 LEO satellite communication is currently complementary to 5G
7.6.2.3 China’s current development of LEO satellite communications is the reuse and compatibility of 5G technical standards
7.6.2.4 China’s strategy for developing satellite communications: Two strive and two cooperation
7.6.2.5 Future satellite communications: Integration into 6G
7.6.2.6 The world’s first 6G test satellite
Abbreviation
Appendix
References
Index