Objective: We asked whether women self-reporting the recommended consumption of vitamin D from milk and multivitamins would be less likely to have low wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. Methods: This cross-sectional study enlisted at least 42 young women each month (age 18 -35 y, 796 women total) through one year. We measured serum 25(OH)D and administered a lifestyle and diet questionnaire. Results: Over the whole year, prevalence of low 25(OH)D ( < 40 nmol=l) was higher in non-white, non-black subjects (25.6% of 82 women) than in the white women (14.8% of 702 white women, P < 0.05). Of the 435 women tested during the winter half of the year (November -April), prevalence of low 25(OH)D was not affected by vitamin D intake: low 25(OH)D occurred in 21% of the 146 consuming no vitamin D, in 26% of the 140 reporting some vitamin D intake, up to 5 mg=day (median, 2.5 mg=day), and in 20% of the 149 women reporting vitamin D consumption over 5 mg=day (median, 10 mg=day). Interpretation: The self-reported vitamin D intake from milk and=or multivitamins does not relate to prevention of low vitamin D nutritional status of young women in winter. Recommended vitamin D intakes are too small to prevent insufficiency. Vitamin D nutrition can only be assessed by measuring serum 25(OH)D concentration.