Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author Biographies
List of Abbreviations and Conversion of Units
Glossary
Part A: Wind Power Systems
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Industry Overview
1.2 History of Renewable Energy Development
1.3 Utility Perspective
1.3.1 Modularity for Growth
Further Reading
Chapter 2: Wind Power
2.1 Wind Power in the World
2.2 U.S. Wind Power Development
References
Chapter 3: Wind Speed and Energy
3.1 Speed and Power Relations
3.2 Power Extracted From the Wind
3.3 Rotor-Swept Area
3.4 Air Density
3.5 Wind Speed Distribution
3.5.1 Weibull Probability Distribution
3.5.2 Mode and Mean Speeds
3.5.3 Root Mean Cube Speed
3.5.4 Mode, Mean, and RMC Speeds
3.5.5 Energy Distribution
3.5.6 Digital Data Processing
3.5.7 Effect of Hub Height
3.5.8 Importance of Reliable Data
3.6 Wind Speed Prediction
References
Chapter 4: Wind Power Systems
4.1 System Components
4.1.1 Tower
4.1.2 Turbine
4.1.3 Blades
4.1.4 Speed Control
4.2 Turbine Rating
4.3 Power vs. Speed and TSR
4.4 Maximum Energy Capture
4.5 Maximum Power Operation
4.5.1 Constant-TSR Scheme
4.5.2 Peak-Power-Tracking Scheme
4.6 System-Design Trade-Offs
4.6.1 Turbine Towers and Spacing
4.6.2 Number of Blades
4.6.3 Rotor Upwind or Downwind
4.6.4 Horizontal vs. Vertical Axis
4.7 System Control Requirements
4.7.1 Speed Control
4.7.2 Rate Control
4.8 Environmental Aspects
4.8.1 Audible Noise
4.8.2 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
4.8.3 Effects on Birds
4.8.4 Other Impacts
4.9 Potential Catastrophes
4.9.1 Fire
4.9.2 Earthquake
4.10 System-Design Trends
References
Chapter 5: Electrical Generators
5.1 Turbine Conversion Systems
5.2 Synchronous Generator
5.2.1 Equivalent Circuit
5.2.2 Synchronous Generators in Wind Turbines
5.3 Induction Generator
5.3.1 Construction
5.3.2 Working Principle
5.3.3 Rotor Speed and Slip
5.3.4 Equivalent Circuit
5.3.5 Efficiency and Cooling
5.3.6 Self-Excitation Capacitors
5.3.7 Torque-Slip Characteristic
5.3.8 Transients
5.4 Doubly Fed Induction Generator
5.5 Direct-Driven Generator
5.6 Unconventional Generators
5.7 Multiphase Generators
References
Chapter 6: Generator Drives
6.1 Speed Control Regions
6.2 Generator Drives
6.2.1 One Fixed-Speed Drive
6.2.2 Two Fixed-Speed Drive
6.2.3 Variable-Speed Gear Drive
6.3 Drive Selection
6.4 Cutout Speed Selection
References
Chapter 7: Offshore Wind Farms
7.1 Environmental Impact
7.2 Ocean Water Composition
7.3 Wave Energy and Power
7.4 Ocean Structure Design
7.4.1 Forces On Ocean Structures
7.5 Corrosion
7.6 Foundation
7.6.1 Monopile
7.6.2 Gravitation
7.6.3 Tripod
7.7 Materials
7.8 Maintenance
References
Chapter 8: AC Wind Systems
8.1 Overview
8.2 Wind Turbine and Wind Farm Components
8.3 System Analyses
8.4 Challenges
References
Chapter 9: DC Wind Systems
9.1 Making a Case for All-DC Wind System
9.2 Overview
9.3 All-DC System Components
9.3.1 DC-DC Converters
9.3.2 Generator System
9.3.3 Multileg Rectifier
9.4 System Analyses
9.5 Variable Voltage DC Collector Grid
References
Part B: Photovoltaic Power Systems
Chapter 10: Photovoltaic Power
10.1 Building-Integrated PV System
10.2 PV Cell Technologies
10.2.1 Single-Crystalline Silicon
10.2.2 Polycrystalline and Semicrystalline Silicon
10.2.3 Thin-Film Cell
10.2.4 Amorphous Silicon
10.2.5 Spheral Cell
10.2.6 Concentrator Cell
10.2.7 Multijunction Cell
10.2.8 Inverted Metamorphic Multijunction (IMM) Cell
References
Chapter 11: Photovoltaic Power Systems
11.1 PV Cell
11.2 Module and Array
11.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit
11.4 Open-Circuit Voltage and Short-Circuit Current
11.5 I-V and P-V Curves
11.6 Array Design
11.6.1 Sun Intensity
11.6.2 Sun Angle
11.6.3 Shadow Effect
11.6.4 Temperature Effects
11.6.5 Effect of Climate
11.6.6 Electrical Load Matching
11.6.7 Sun Tracking
11.7 Peak-Power Operation
11.8 System Components of Stand-Alone System
References
Chapter 12: Solar Power Conversion Systems
12.1 Overview
12.2 Solar Powetr Electronics Systems
12.2.1 Solar Conversion Architecture
12.2.2 An Off-Grid Solution
12.2.3 System Characteristics
12.3 Challenges
12.4 Trend And Future
References
Part C: System Integration
Chapter 13: Energy Storage
13.1 Battery
13.2 Types of Battery
13.2.1 Lead-Acid
13.2.2 Nickel-Cadmium
13.2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride
13.2.4 Lithium-Ion
13.2.5 Lithium-Polymer
13.2.6 Zinc-Air
13.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit
13.4 Performance Characteristics
13.4.1 C/D Voltages
13.4.2 C/D Ratio
13.4.3 Energy Efficiency
13.4.4 Internal Resistance
13.4.5 Charge Efficiency
13.4.6 Self-Discharge And Trickle-Charge
13.4.7 Memory Effect
13.4.8 Effects of Temperature
13.4.9 Internal Loss and Temperature Rise
13.4.10 Random Failure
13.4.11 Wear-Out Failure
13.4.12 Battery Types Compared
13.5 More on Lead-Acid Battery
13.6 Battery Design
13.7 Battery Charging
13.8 Charge Regulators
13.8.1 Multiple Charge Rates
13.8.2 Single-Charge Rate
13.8.3 Unregulated Charging
13.9 Battery Management
13.9.1 Monitoring and Controls
13.9.2 Safety Considerations
13.10 Flywheel
13.10.1 Energy Relations
13.10.2 Flywheel System Components
13.10.3 Benefits of Flywheel Over Battery
13.11 Superconducting Magnet
13.12 Compressed Air
13.13 Technologies Compared
13.14 More On Lithium-Ion Battery
References
Chapter 14: Power Electronics
14.1 Basic Switching Devices
14.2 ACβDC Rectifier
14.3 DCβAC Inverter
14.4 IGBT/MOSFET-Based Converters
14.5 Control Schemes
14.5.1 SPWM
14.5.2 Square Wave
14.6 Multilevel Converters
14.7 HVDC Converters
14.8 Matrix Converters
14.9 Cycloconverter
14.10 Grid Interface Controls
14.10.1 Voltage Control
14.10.2 Frequency Control
14.11 Battery Charge/Discharge Converters
14.11.1 Battery Charge Converter
14.11.2 Battery Discharge Converter
14.12 Power Shunts
References
Chapter 15: Stand-Alone Systems
15.1 PV Stand-Alone
15.2 Electric Vehicle
15.3 Wind Stand-Alone
15.4 Hybrid Systems
15.4.1 Hybrid with Diesel
15.4.2 Hybrid with Fuel Cell
15.4.3 Mode Controller
15.4.4 Load Sharing
15.5 System Sizing
15.5.1 Power and Energy Estimates
15.5.2 Battery Sizing
15.5.3 PV Array Sizing
15.6 Wind Farm Sizing
References
Chapter 16: Grid-Connected Systems
16.1 Interface Requirements
16.2 Synchronizing with the Grid
16.2.1 Inrush Current
16.2.2 Synchronous Operation
16.2.3 Load Transient
16.2.4 Safety
16.3 Operating Limit
16.3.1 Voltage Regulation
16.3.2 Stability Limit
16.4 Energy Storage and Load Scheduling
16.5 Utility Resource Planning Tools
16.6 Wind FarmβGrid Integration
16.7 Grid Stability Issues
16.7.1 Low-Voltage Ride-Through
16.7.2 Energy Storage for Stability
16.8 Distributed Power Generation
References
Chapter 17: Electrical Performance
17.1 Voltage Current and Power Relations
17.2 Component Design for Maximum Efficiency
17.3 Electrical System Model
17.4 Static Bus Impedance and Voltage Regulation
17.5 Dynamic Bus Impedance and Ripples
17.6 Harmonics
17.7 Quality of Power
17.7.1 Harmonic Distortion Factor
17.7.2 Voltage Transients and Sags
17.7.3 Voltage Flickers
17.7.4 Harmonics Elimination with Passive Filters
17.7.5 Harmonics Elimination with Active Filters
17.8 Renewable Capacity Limit
17.8.1 System Stiffness
17.8.2 Interfacing Standards
17.9 Lightning Protection
References
Chapter 18: Plant Economy
18.1 Energy Delivery Factor
18.2 Initial Capital Cost
18.3 Availability and Maintenance
18.4 Energy Cost Estimates
18.5 Sensitivity Analysis
18.5.1 Effect of Wind Speed
18.5.2 Effect of Tower Height
18.6 Profitability Index
18.7 Project Finance
References
Chapter 19: The Future
19.1 World Electricity to 2050
19.2 Future of Wind Power
19.3 PV Future
19.4 Declining Production Cost
19.5 Market Penetration
References
Part D: Ancillary Power Technologies
Chapter 20: Solar Thermal System
20.1 Energy Collection
20.1.1 Parabolic Trough
20.1.2 Central Receiver
20.1.3 Parabolic Dish
20.2 Solar-II Power Plant
20.3 Synchronous Generator
20.3.1 Equivalent Electrical Circuit
20.3.2 Excitation Methods
20.3.3 Electric Power Output
20.3.4 Transient Stability Limit
20.4 Commercial Power Plants
20.5 Recent Trends
References
Chapter 21: Ancillary Power Systems
21.1 Heat-Induced Wind Power
21.2 Marine Current Power
21.3 Ocean Wave Power
21.4 Jet-Assisted Wind Turbine
21.5 Bladeless Wind Turbines
21.6 Solar Thermal Microturbine
21.7 Thermophotovoltaic System
References
Index