Wind and Solar Energy Systems

✍ Scribed by Kumari Namrata, R. P. Saini, D. P. Kothari

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 458
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses on renewable energy technology tragetted at upper undergraduate or graduate students. This book can also be used as a core or supplementary text for courses in energy conservation and management and solar photo-voltaic design and application. This textbook covers the basic concepts of renewable energy resources, especially wind and solar energy. It contains 8 chapters covering all major renewable energy systems, resources, and related topics, as well as a brief introductory chapter on grid integration techniques in solar and wind energy systems. The book includes pedagogical features like examples and review questions and multiple choice questions to help the readers test their understanding. Reading lists, including web-based material, are included at the end of each chapter. The structure and pedagogy makes this book useful for self-study as well as for classroom use. The book can also be used as text for professional development courses for engineers employed in the energy industry.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Contents
About the Authors
1 Energy Resources: Availability, Characteristics, and Environmental Impacts
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Human Beings, Oil Crises, and the Energy Revolution
1.1.2 Oil Crisis 1973
1.1.3 Energy Evolution
1.2 Different Forms and Conversion of Energy
1.3 Global Energy Outlook—History and Current Scenario
1.4 Energy Scenario—India
1.5 Classification of Energy Resources
1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Energy Sources
1.7 Future of Energy Renewables
1.8 Origin of Renewable Energy Resources
1.8.1 Solar Energy
1.8.2 Wind Energy
1.8.3 Geothermal Energy
1.8.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
1.8.5 Wave Energy
1.8.6 Tidal Energy
1.8.7 Biomass Energy
1.9 Impact of Renewables on Energy Sector
1.10 Renewable Energy: Global Statistics and Analysis
1.11 Renewable Energy Regulations and Policies
1.12 Environmental Aspects of Energy Sources
References
2 Fundamentals of Solar Energy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Sun
2.3 The Solar Constant
2.4 Variation of Spectral Distribution and Extra-Terrestrial Radiation
2.4.1 Spectral Distribution
2.4.2 Variation of Extra-Terrestrial Radiation
2.5 Solar Irradiance Falling at the Earth’s Surface
2.6 Solar Radiation Geometry
2.7 Sun’s Apparent Motion
2.7.1 Day Length, Sunrise, and Sunset
2.7.2 Local Apparent Time
2.7.3 Why Solar Radiation Data is Needed?
2.8 Measurement of Solar Radiation
2.9 Calculating the Sun Radiation Availability
2.9.1 Monthly Average Daily Global Radiation
2.9.2 Monthly Average Daily Diffuse Radiation
2.9.3 Monthly Average Hourly Global Radiation
2.9.4 Monthly Average Hourly Diffuse Radiation
2.9.5 Hourly Global Beam and Diffuse Radiation Under Clear Skies
2.10 Solar Radiation on Tilted Surfaces
References
3 Introduction to Photovoltaic Solar Energy
3.1 Fundamentals of Photovoltaic
3.1.1 Semiconductor Materials
3.1.2 Photon Energy
3.1.3 A P–N Junction
3.1.4 Photovoltaic Effect
3.1.5 Photovoltaic Cell Materials
3.2 Types of Photovoltaic Cells and Efficiency
3.2.1 Amorphous PV Cells
3.2.2 Monocrystalline PV Cells
3.2.3 Polycrystalline PV Cells
3.3 Analytical Model of the Solar Cell
3.3.1 Analysis of the Single-Diode Model
3.3.2 Analysis of the Two-Diode Model
3.4 Electrical Parameters of Solar Cell
3.4.1 Current in a Short Circuit
3.4.2 Voltage on an Open Circuit
3.4.3 Fill Factor
3.4.4 Maximum Power
3.4.5 Solar Cell Efficiency
3.5 Electrical Characteristics of PV Cells
3.5.1 PV Cell I-V Characteristics
3.5.2 P–V Characteristics of PV Cell
3.6 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
3.7 Effect of Parameters and Atmospheric Conditions on PV Cell Characteristics
3.8 Photovoltaic Modules and Array
3.8.1 Theory and Construction
3.8.2 Packing Factor of PV Module
3.8.3 Efficiency of PV Module
3.9 Overview of Photovoltaic System Applications
3.10 Overview of Photovoltaic-Based Power System
3.10.1 Standalone Photovoltaic System
3.10.2 Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System
3.11 Power Converter Topologies for PV-Based Power System
3.11.1 DC/DC Converters
3.11.2 DC/AC Converters
3.12 Control of Photovoltaic-Based Power Systems
3.12.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Control
3.12.2 DC/DC Converter Control
3.12.3 DC/AC Inverter Control
References
4 Introduction to Wind Energy
4.1 Wind—The Resource
4.1.1 The Nature of Wind
4.1.2 Geographical Variations in the Wind
4.2 Worldwide Status of Wind Power
4.2.1 Global Wind Power Statistics
4.2.2 Indian Wind Power Statistics
4.2.3 Environmental Aspects
4.3 Wind Energy Basics
4.3.1 Power
4.3.2 Air Density
4.3.3 Swept Area
4.3.4 Cube of Wind Speed
4.3.5 Tower Height Effect
4.4 Analysis of Wind Data
4.4.1 Average Wind Speed
4.4.2 Wind Speed Distribution
4.4.3 Wind Data Statistical Analysis
4.5 Overview of Wind Turbines and Its Components
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Classification of Wind Turbines
4.5.3 Aerodynamics of Rotor
4.5.4 Transmission System
4.5.5 Generator
4.5.6 Power Electronics Interface
4.5.7 Control System
4.6 Power Coefficients and Characteristics
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Tip Speed Ratio
4.6.3 Wind Power Coefficient and Betz’s Law
4.6.4 Power Coefficient Versus Tip Speed Ratio Curve
References
5 Wind Energy Conversion System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of Wind Turbine Topologies
5.2.1 Wind Turbine Architectures
5.2.2 Fixed and Variable-Speed Wind Turbines
5.2.3 Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
5.2.4 Stall and Pitch Aerodynamic Power Control
5.3 Generators for Wind Turbines
5.4 Power Electronics in Wind Energy
5.4.1 Soft Starters
5.4.2 Capacitor Bank
5.4.3 Rectifiers and Inverters
5.4.4 Frequency Converters
5.4.5 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control and Converter Control
References
6 Grid Integration Techniques in Solar and Wind-Based Energy Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Integration of Small-Scale Generation into Grids
6.1.2 Large-Scale Generation Integration into Grids
6.2 Integration Issues Related to Wind and Solar Power
6.2.1 Consumer Requirements
6.2.2 Requirement for Wind Farm and Solar Farm Operators
6.2.3 The Integration Issues
6.3 Grid Requirements for Solar-Based Energy Systems
6.3.1 Power Quality Requirements
6.3.2 Response to Abnormal Grid Conditions
6.3.3 Anti-Islanding Requirements
6.4 Grid Requirements for Wind-Based Energy System
6.4.1 Voltage and Frequency Variation Under Normal Operation
6.4.2 Active and Reactive Power Control
6.4.3 Behaviour Under Grid Disturbances
6.4.4 Harmonic Requirements for Grid-Connected Wind Power System
6.5 Solar and Wind-Based Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
6.5.1 Hybrid Energy Systems
6.5.2 Hybrid Energy System Characteristics
6.5.3 Technology Used in Hybrid Energy
6.5.4 Strategy for Implementation
6.5.5 Constraints
6.5.6 Issues and Challenges
6.5.7 Applications
6.5.8 Hybrid System Economics
References
7 Solar Collectors and Thermal Conversion
7.1 The Solar Option
7.1.1 Low-Temperature Systems
7.1.2 Medium-Temperature Systems
7.1.3 High-Temperature Systems
7.2 Solar Collectors and Thermal Conversion
7.2.1 Devices for Thermal Collection and Storage
7.3 Solar Concentrating Collectors
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Definitions
7.3.3 Methods of Classification
7.3.4 Types of Concentrating Collectors
7.3.5 Thermal Analysis of Concentrating Collectors
7.4 Flat-Plate Collectors with Plane Reflectors
7.5 Cylindrical Parabolic Collector
7.5.1 Description
7.5.2 Orientation and Tracking Modes
7.5.3 Performance Analysis
7.5.4 Correlations Between the Overall Loss Coefficient and Heat Transfer
7.5.5 A Numerical Example
7.5.6 Parametric Study of Collector Performance (Kelkar 1982)
7.6 Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC)
7.6.1 Geometry
7.6.2 Tracking Requirements
7.6.3 Performance Analysis
7.7 Paraboloid Disc Collector
7.8 Central Receiver Collector
7.8.1 Heliostats
7.8.2 Receiver
7.8.3 Analysis
References
8 Solar Pond
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Working Principle of Solar Pond
8.3 Description of Solar Pond
8.4 Performance Analysis
8.4.1 Transmissivity Based on Reflection–Refraction at the Air–Water Interface
8.4.2 Transmissivity Based on Absorption
8.4.3 Temperature Distribution and Collection Efficiency
References