Contents
......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
1.1 How to use this book......Page 14
1.2 What is wildlife conservation and management?......Page 15
1.3 Goals of management......Page 16
1.4 Hierarchies of decision......Page 18
1.5 Policy goals......Page 20
1.7 Summary......Page 21
Part 1. Wildlife ecology......Page 22
2.1 Introduction......Page 24
2.2 Forest biomes......Page 25
2.4 Shrublands......Page 27
2.5 Grassland biomes......Page 28
2.8 Marine biomes......Page 30
2.9 Summary......Page 31
3.3 The theory of natural selection......Page 32
3.4 Examples of adaptation......Page 34
3.5 The effects of history......Page 36
3.7 Genetic characteristics of individuals......Page 40
3.8 Applied aspects......Page 46
3.9 Summary......Page 48
4.2 Constituents of food......Page 49
4.3 Variation in food supply......Page 53
4.4 Measurement of food supply......Page 55
4.5 Basal metabolic rate and food requirement......Page 59
4.6 Morphology of herbivore digestion......Page 62
4.7 Food passage rate and food requirement......Page 64
4.8 Body size and diet selection......Page 65
4.9 Indices of body condition......Page 66
4.10 Summary......Page 72
5.2 Diet selection......Page 73
5.3 Optimal patch or habitat use......Page 79
5.4 Risk-sensitive habitat use......Page 82
5.5 Quantifying habitat preference using resource selection functions......Page 83
5.6 Social behavior and foraging......Page 85
5.7 Summary......Page 90
6.2 Rate of increase......Page 91
6.4 Mortality rate......Page 95
6.5 Direct estimation of life-table parameters......Page 97
6.6 Indirect estimation of life-table parameters......Page 98
6.7 Relationship between parameters......Page 100
6.8 Geometric or exponential population growth......Page 101
6.9 Summary......Page 102
7.2 Dispersal......Page 103
7.3 Dispersion......Page 105
7.4 Distribution......Page 106
7.5 Distribution, abundance, and range collapse......Page 111
7.6 Species reintroductions or invasions......Page 112
7.7 Dispersal and the sustainability of metapopulations......Page 117
7.8 Summary......Page 121
8.2 Stability of populations......Page 122
8.3 The theory of population limitation and regulation......Page 124
8.4 Evidence for regulation......Page 129
8.5 Applications of regulation......Page 133
8.6 Logistic model of population regulation......Page 134
8.7 Stability, cycles, and chaos......Page 138
8.8 Intraspecific competition......Page 144
8.10 Summary......Page 147
9.1 Introduction......Page 148
9.2 Theoretical aspects of interspecific competition......Page 149
9.3 Experimental demonstrations of competition......Page 151
9.4 The concept of the niche......Page 156
9.6 Resource partitioning and habitat selection......Page 159
9.8 Apparent competition......Page 166
9.9 Facilitation......Page 167
9.10 Applied aspects of competition......Page 172
9.11 Summary......Page 175
10.3 Definitions......Page 176
10.4 The effect of predators on prey density......Page 177
10.5 The behavior of predators......Page 178
10.6 Numerical response of predators to prey density......Page 182
10.7 The total response......Page 183
10.8 Behavior of the prey......Page 189
10.9 Summary......Page 191
11.2 Effects of parasites......Page 192
11.3 The basic parameters of epidemiology......Page 193
11.4 Determinants of spread......Page 196
11.6 Endemic pathogens: synergistic interactions with food and predators......Page 197
11.7 Epizootic diseases......Page 199
11.8 Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife......Page 200
11.9 Parasites and the regulation of host populations......Page 201
11.10 Parasites and host communities......Page 203
11.11 Parasites and conservation......Page 204
11.12 Parasites and control of pests......Page 207
11.13 Summary......Page 208
12.3 Kinds of resources......Page 209
12.4 Consumer–resource dynamics: general theory......Page 210
12.5 Kangaroos and their food plants in semi-arid Australian savannas......Page 213
12.6 Wolf–moose–woody plant dynamics in the boreal forest......Page 220
12.7 Other population cycles......Page 225
12.8 Summary......Page 228
Part 2. Wildlife conservation and management......Page 230
13.3 Total counts......Page 232
13.4 Sampled counts: the logic......Page 234
13.5 Sampled counts: methods and arithmetic......Page 239
13.6 Indirect estimates of population size......Page 248
13.7 Indices......Page 254
13.8 Summary......Page 256
14.1 Age-specific population models......Page 257
14.2 Stage-specific models......Page 260
14.3 Sensitivity and elasticity of matrix models......Page 261
14.4 Short-term changes in structured populations......Page 264
14.5 Summary......Page 265
15.1 Introduction......Page 266
15.2 Fitting models to data and estimation of parameters......Page 267
15.3 Measuring the likelihood of models in light of the observed data......Page 269
15.4 Evaluating the likelihood of alternative models using AIC......Page 271
15.5 Adaptive management......Page 277
15.6 Summary......Page 280
16.2 Differentiating success from failure......Page 281
16.3 Technical judgments can be tested......Page 282
16.4 The nature of the evidence......Page 285
16.5 Experimental and survey design......Page 287
16.6 Some standard analyses......Page 292
16.7 Summary......Page 300
17.2 Demographic problems contributing to risk of extinction......Page 302
17.3 Genetic problems contributing to risk of extinction......Page 304
17.4 Effective population size (genetic)......Page 310
17.5 Effective population size (demographic)......Page 311
17.6 How small is too small?......Page 312
17.7 Population viability analysis......Page 313
17.8 Extinction caused by environmental change......Page 318
17.9 Summary......Page 323
18.2 How populations go extinct......Page 325
18.3 How to prevent extinction......Page 334
18.4 Rescue and recovery of near extinctions......Page 336
18.5 Conservation in national parks and reserves......Page 337
18.7 International conservation......Page 345
18.8 Summary......Page 347
19.2 Fixed quota harvesting strategy......Page 348
19.3 Fixed proportion harvesting strategy......Page 354
19.4 Fixed escapement harvesting strategy......Page 357
19.6 Harvesting in practice: commercial......Page 359
19.8 Bioeconomics......Page 360
19.9 Game cropping and the discount rate......Page 365
19.10 Summary......Page 366
20.2 Definitions......Page 368
20.4 Objectives of control......Page 369
20.5 Determining whether control is appropriate......Page 370
20.6 Methods of control......Page 371
20.7 Summary......Page 377
21.2 Definitions......Page 378
21.5 Food webs and intertrophic interactions......Page 379
21.6 Community features and management consequences......Page 381
21.7 Multiple states......Page 383
21.8 Regulation of top-down and bottom-up processes......Page 384
21.9 Ecosystem consequences of bottom-up processes......Page 386
21.10 Ecosystem disturbance and heterogeneity......Page 387
21.11 Ecosystem management at multiple scales......Page 389
21.12 Biodiversity......Page 390
21.13 Island biogeography and dynamic processes of diversity......Page 392
21.14 Ecosystem function......Page 394
21.15 Summary......Page 396
Appendices......Page 398
Glossary......Page 402
References......Page 414
Index......Page 463