Whitefly-active metabolites of imidacloprid: biological efficacy and translocation in cotton plants
✍ Scribed by Nauen, Ralf; Reckmann, Udo; Armborst, Stefan; Stupp, Hans-Peter; Elbert, Alfred
- Publisher
- John Wiley and Sons
- Year
- 1999
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 141 KB
- Volume
- 55
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 1526-498X
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✦ Synopsis
The chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid is widely used in soil application, seed treatment and as a foliar spray. Its systemic properties are well-known. It is more or less completely metabolised, depending on the method of application, plant species and time. Some of the metabolites that arise are active against diþ erent aphid species, as shown earlier, with the imidazoline derivative (oleüne metabolite) more active in oral ingestion bioassays than the parent compound itself.
In the present work, we demonstrate that the oleüne metabolite and two hydroxy metabolites of imidacloprid are also active against the cotton whiteýy, Bemisia tabaci, in oral ingestion bioassays (sachet test). The 4-hydroxy metabolite is as active as imidacloprid and the oleüne compound c10 times more active. The two hydroxy metabolites were also active against biotypes from Almeria, Spain and a B-type strain from California. The physicochemical properties of the metabolites were determined and compared with those of imidacloprid. Lower log P values were found for all metabolites investigated. Interestingly, the oleüne metabolite was the only compound with an acidic proton (pKa 7.2) under neutral pH conditions, suggesting that it could be more phloem-mobile. In order to investigate this hypothesis we compared the translocation of the radiolabelled oleüne metabolite after foliar application with the movement of radiolabelled imidacloprid in cotton plants, but no major diþ erences were found in acropetal or basipetal translocation.