Wheat Improvement: Food Security in a Changing Climate

✍ Scribed by Matthew P. Reynolds (editor), Hans-Joachim Braun (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 660
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This open-access textbook provides a comprehensive, up-to-date guide for students and practitioners wishing to access in a single volume the key disciplines and principles of wheat breeding. Wheat is a cornerstone of food security: it is the most widely grown of any crop and provides 20% of all human calories and protein. The authorship of this book includes world class researchers and breeders whose expertise spans cutting-edge academic science all the way to impacts in farmers’ fields. The book’s themes and authors were selected to provide a didactic work that considers the background to wheat improvement, current mainstream breeding approaches, and translational research and avant garde technologies that enable new breakthroughs in science to impact productivity. While the volume provides an overview for professionals interested in wheat, many of the ideas and methods presented are equally relevant to small grain cereals and crop improvement in general. The book is affordable, and because it is open access, can be readily shared and translated -- in whole or in part -- to university classes, members of breeding teams (from directors to technicians), conference participants, extension agents and farmers. Given the challenges currently faced by academia, industry and national wheat programs to produce higher crop yields --- often with less inputs and under increasingly harsher climates -- this volume is a timely addition to their toolkit.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Editors and Contributors
Editors
Contributors
Abbreviations
Part I: Background
Chapter 1: Wheat Improvement
1.1 Learning Objectives
1.2 Background on Crop Breeding
1.3 Crop Improvement in Pre-history
1.4 Breeding in the Industrial Age
1.5 Technologies That Have Impacted Crop Breeding in Recent Decades
1.6 Integration of Disciplines
1.7 Networking and Sharing
1.8 Choosing Crop Improvement Approaches
1.9 Main Objectives of the Textbook ‘Wheat Improvement – Food Security in a Changing Climate’
1.10 Key Concepts
1.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: History of Wheat Breeding: A Personal View
2.1 Learning Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Past Wheat Improvement at the Farm Level and in the Breeders’ Plots
2.4 Past Activities Associated with Greater Breeding Success and Efficiency
2.5 Some Future Considerations for Breeding
2.6 Organization and Funding of Wheat Breeding
2.7 Key Concepts
References
Chapter 3: Defining Target Wheat Breeding Environments
3.1 Learning Objectives
3.2 Introduction: Wheat Mega-environments in History and the Context of Global Wheat Breeding
3.3 Major Factors That Broadly Impact the Definition of Target Environments
3.3.1 Flowering Time: Photoperiod and Vernalization
3.3.2 Water Availability and Temperature
3.3.3 Diseases
3.4 Target Population of Environments
3.5 Multi-environmental Testing and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions
3.6 Example of TPE Definition
3.7 Key Concepts and Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Global Trends in Wheat Production, Consumption and Trade
4.1 Learning Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Data and Methods
4.4 Trends in Global Wheat Production
4.5 Trends in Global Wheat Consumption
4.6 Wheat Prices and Trade
4.7 Key Concepts
4.8 Conclusion
References
Part II: Delivering Improved Germplasm
Chapter 5: Breeding Methods: Line Development
5.1 Learning Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Pedigree Breeding
5.4 Bulk and Composite Breeding
5.5 Single Seed Descent
5.6 Doubled-Haploids
5.7 Backcross Methods
5.8 Mutation Breeding
5.9 Multilines
5.10 Key Concepts
5.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Breeding Methods: Population Improvement and Selection Methods
6.1 Learning Objectives
6.2 Population Improvement
6.2.1 Evolutionary Breeding
6.2.2 Recurrent Selection
6.3 Selection Methods
6.3.1 Mass Selection Systems
6.3.2 Selection Based on Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP)
6.3.3 Marker-Assisted Selection
6.3.4 Genomic Selection
6.4 Key Concepts
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Achieving Genetic Gains in Practice
7.1 Learning Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Product Profile-Based Breeding
7.4 Parental Selection and Crossing Strategies
7.5 Early-Generation Advancement and Selection Strategies
7.6 Advancement Decisions for Elite Lines and Phenotyping Strategies
7.7 International Screening Nurseries and Yield Trials for Identifying Superior Lines from Multi-environment Phenotyping
7.8 Integration of Genomic Selection
7.9 Partnerships with National Programs for Variety Identification, Release, and Dissemination
7.10 Outlook to Further Accelerate Genetic Gain
7.10.1 ‘Rapid Bulk Generation Advancement (RBGA) Scheme (Three-Year Breeding Cycle Time)
7.10.2 ‘Rapid-Cycle Recurrent Selection (RCRS)’ Scheme (Two-Year Breeding Cycle Time)
7.11 Key Concepts
7.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Wheat Rusts: Current Status, Prospects of Genetic Control and Integrated Approaches to Enhance Resistance Durability
8.1 Learning Objectives
8.2 Economic Importance, Historical Impacts, Status of Rust Diseases
8.2.1 Stem Rust
8.2.2 Stripe Rust
8.2.3 Leaf Rust
8.3 Global Rust Phenotyping Network – Critical Tool to Understand Host Resistance and Pathogenic Diversity on a Global Scale
8.4 International Research Networks in Mitigating the Threats of Emerging New Races-Early Detection, Forecasting and Prediction
8.5 Types of Resistance, Strategies to Deploy Different Resistance Mechanisms to Attain Resistance Durability
8.5.1 Race-Specific/Seedling Resistance
8.5.2 APR Genes Conferring Pleiotropic Effects
8.6 Enhancing Resistance Durability Through Breeding Success, Setbacks and Lessons Learnt
8.7 Integrating New Tools for Resistance Breeding Presents Opportunities for Wheat Improvement
8.8 Key Concepts
8.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Globally Important Non-rust Diseases of Wheat
9.1 Learning Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Spike Diseases
9.3.1 Fusarium Head Blight
9.3.2 Wheat Blast
9.3.3 Karnal Bunt
9.4 Leaf Spotting Diseases
9.4.1 Tan Spot
9.4.2 Septoria Nodorum Blotch
9.4.3 Spot Blotch
9.4.4 Septoria Tritici Blotch
9.5 Root Diseases
9.6 Key Concepts
9.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Abiotic Stresses
10.1 Learning Objectives
10.2 Introduction
10.2.1 Australia
10.2.2 North America
10.2.3 Europe
10.2.4 Russia and Ukraine
10.2.5 India
10.2.6 China
10.3 Breeding for Improved Adaptation to Water-Limited and Heat Stressed Environments
10.3.1 Relevant Breeding Targets
10.3.2 Meaningful Genetic Diversity
10.3.3 To Phenotype or Not?
10.3.4 Physiological Wheat Breeding
10.3.5 Integration of Genomic Technologies in a Broader Physiological Breeding Strategy
10.4 Examples of Integrating Physiological Breeding in Wheat Improvement Programs
10.4.1 Defining the Environment in Northwestern NSW
10.4.2 Establishing an Ideotype for Northwestern NSW
10.4.3 Breeding Method – Modified Pedigree
10.4.4 Breeding Method – Selected Bulk
10.4.5 Breeding Method – Genomic Selection
10.5 Key Concepts and Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Wheat Quality
11.1 Learning Objectives
11.2 Introduction – What Is Wheat Quality?
11.3 Importance of Wheat Quality – Why We Need to Breed for It
11.4 Main Traits That Define Wheat Quality
11.4.1 Grain Hardness
11.4.2 Gluten
11.4.3 Color
11.4.4 Starch
11.5 Genetic Control of the Quality Traits and Environmental Effects
11.6 Breeding for Quality
11.6.1 Integrating Quality in the Breeding Process
11.6.2 Bread
11.6.3 Noodles
11.6.4 Cookies
11.6.5 Pasta
11.6.6 Molecular Markers Useful to Select for the Above-Mentioned Traits
11.7 Key Concepts
11.8 Conclusions
Further Reading
Chapter 12: Nutritionally Enhanced Wheat for Food and Nutrition Security
12.1 Learning Objectives
12.2 Introduction
12.2.1 Improving Nutrition of Crops for Human Health
12.2.2 Importance of a Whole Grain Diet
12.2.3 Significance of Processing, Retention and Bioavailability on Nutritional Impact of Wheat
12.3 Crop Improvement for Nutritional Quality
12.3.1 Setting Breeding Target Levels
12.3.2 Genetic Diversity for Nutritional Quality Traits
12.3.3 Targeted Breeding Approach
12.3.4 Genetic Architecture and Association of Nutritional Quality Traits in Wheat
12.3.5 Genetic Control of Nutritional Quality Traits
12.3.6 Agronomic Biofortification
12.3.7 Mainstreaming Nutritional Quality Traits in Wheat Breeding and Novel Approaches
12.3.8 Speed Breeding
12.3.9 Population Improvement
12.3.10 Genomic Selection
12.4 Product Development and Dissemination
12.4.1 Adoption and Commercialization of Biofortified Wheat
12.5 Key Concepts
12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 13: Experimental Design for Plant Improvement
13.1 Learning Objectives
13.2 Introduction
13.3 Fundamental Design Concepts
13.3.1 Definitions
13.3.2 Replication
13.3.3 Randomization
13.3.4 Blocking: Controlling for Variability
13.3.5 Pseudo-Replication
13.3.6 Orthogonality and Balance
13.3.7 Resolvability
13.3.8 Optimality Criterion
13.3.9 Model Notation
13.4 Classical Designs
13.4.1 Treatment Structures
13.4.2 Plot Structures
13.4.2.1 Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBDs)
13.4.2.2 Alpha-Lattice Designs
13.4.2.3 Row-Column Designs
13.4.2.4 Latinized Designs
13.4.2.5 Split Plot Designs
13.4.2.6 Augmented Designs
13.5 Model-Based Designs
13.5.1 Statistical Models for Plant Improvement Experiments
13.5.1.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
13.5.1.2 Linear Mixed Model
13.5.2 Examples
13.5.2.1 Accounting for Extraneous Variation
13.5.2.2 Partially Replicated Designs
13.6 Summary
13.7 Key Concepts
13.8 Review Questions
References
Chapter 14: Seed Systems to Support Rapid Adoption of Improved Varieties in Wheat
14.1 Learning Objectives
14.2 Introduction: Need for Efficient Wheat Seed System and Issues That Affect Its Functioning
14.3 Importance of Quality Seed in Modern Agriculture
14.4 Systems of Deed Dissemination
14.4.1 Formal and Informal Seed Dissemination
14.4.2 Seed System in Developed Countries and UPOV
14.4.3 Pre-release Seed Multiplication
14.5 Type of Varieties in Wheat and Classes of Quality Seed
14.5.1 Land Race, Pure Line Varieties and Hybrid Varieties
14.5.1.1 Land Race
14.5.1.2 Pure Line Varieties
14.5.1.3 Hybrid Varieties
14.5.2 Classes of Improved Seed
14.5.2.1 Nucleus Seed
14.5.2.2 Breeder Seed
14.5.2.3 Foundation Seed
14.5.2.4 Certified Seed
14.5.2.5 Truthful Labelled Seed
14.6 How to Judge the Quality of Seed
14.7 Steps Involved in Seed Production and Minimum Seed Standards
14.7.1 Steps in Seed Production
14.7.2 Minimum Seed Standards
14.7.2.1 Field Standards
14.7.2.2 Seed Standards
14.8 Need for Rapid Seed Dissemination and Challenges to Support Rapid Adoption of New Varieties
14.9 Case Studies of Rapid Seed Dissemination
14.9.1 Thwarting the Threat of Stem Rust Race UG99
14.9.2 Case of Wheat Blast in South Asia
14.10 Future Need of Rapid Seed Dissemination
14.11 Policy Changes by Countries to Ensure Rapid Seed Dissemination
14.12 Seed System Is Within the Breeding Process – Conservation and Sustainable Use of Crop Genetic Resources
14.13 Building Capacity in Seed Assurance in Developing Countries
14.14 Key Concepts
14.15 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Crop Management for Breeding Trials
15.1 Learning Objectives
15.2 Introduction
15.3 Selection and Management of Field Sites
15.3.1 Agronomic Techniques for Creation of Selection Environments
15.3.2 Mechanization for Breeding Trials
15.3.2.1 Plot Seeders
15.3.2.2 Machinery for Harvest
15.4 The Experimental Error
15.4.1 Avoid Systematic Errors
15.4.2 Minimize Field and Management Variability
15.4.3 Account for Soil Variability
15.4.4 Border Effects
15.5 Summary
15.6 Key Concepts
15.7 Review Questions
15.7.1 Review Question Answers
15.8 Conclusions
References
Part III: Translational Research to Incorporate Novel Traits
Chapter 16: A Century of Cytogenetic and Genome Analysis: Impact on Wheat Crop Improvement
16.1 Learning Objectives
16.2 Introduction
16.3 Validation of Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance in Wheat Laid the Foundation for Scientific Breeding
16.4 Genome Analyzer Method, Wheat Phylogeny and Gene Pools
16.5 Wheat Aneuploidy, Chromosome Mapping, and Comparative Genetics
16.6 Chromosome Manipulation
16.7 Plasmon Analysis, Wheat Phylogeny and Hybrid Wheat
16.8 Protein Markers
16.9 Molecular Cytogenetic Methods Provide Insights into Chromosome Substructure and Rapid Analysis of Alien Introgressions
16.10 Chromosome Physical and DNA Marker Linkage Maps Reveal Wheat Chromosome Structural and Functional Differentiation
16.11 Reference Wheat Genome Sequence
16.12 Key Concepts
16.13 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Conserving Wheat Genetic Resources
17.1 Learning Objectives
17.2 Introduction – Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) and their Conservation
17.3 Wheat Genetic Resources (WGR)
17.3.1 Domesticated Wheats
17.3.2 Wheat Crop Wild Relatives (WCWR)
17.4 Wheat Genetic Resources Conservation
17.4.1 In situ Conservation
17.4.2 Ex situ Conservation
17.4.2.1 Acquisition
17.4.2.2 Drying
17.4.2.3 Seed Storage
17.4.2.4 Viability Monitoring
17.4.2.5 Regeneration
17.4.2.6 Characterization
17.4.2.7 Distribution
17.4.3 Wheat Genetic Resources Collections Worldwide
17.5 Key Concepts
17.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Exploring Untapped Wheat Genetic Resources to Boost Food Security
18.1 Learning Objectives
18.2 Introduction
18.2.1 Different Classes of Wheat/Wild Relative
18.2.2 Transferring Genetic Variation from Wild Relatives into Wheat
18.3 Generation of Introgressions
18.4 Tools for Detection of Wheat/Wild Relative Introgressions
18.5 Reducing the Size of Introgressions
18.6 Phenotyping
18.7 Case Study
18.7.1 Step 1 – Generation of Introgression Lines
18.7.2 Step 2 – Molecular Identification of Introgressions and Their Characterisation
18.7.3 Step 3 – Making Use of the Introgression Lines
18.8 Key Concepts
18.9 Conclusions
References
Further Readings
Chapter 19: Disease Resistance
19.1 Learning Objectives
19.2 Pioneering Studies in Model Biotrophic Pathosystems
19.3 Genetics of Resistance to Wheat Biotrophic Pathogens- Rusts and Mildew
19.4 Genetics of Resistance to Wheat Necrotrophic Pathogens
19.5 Genetics of Resistance to Hemi-Biotrophic Pathogens
19.6 Resistance Gene Stacks-Progress Towards Durable Resistance
19.7 Key Concepts
19.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Insect Resistance
20.1 Learning Objectives
20.2 Introduction
20.3 Major Wheat Insect Pests, Geographic Distribution and Economic Importance
20.3.1 Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
20.3.2 Sunn Pest
20.3.3 Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
20.3.4 Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
20.3.5 Russian Wheat Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
20.3.6 Greenbug (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
20.3.7 Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
20.3.8 English Grain Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
20.3.9 Orange Wheat Blossom Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
20.4 Mechanisms of Plant Resistance to Wheat Pests
20.5 Genetic Diversity and Gene Mining for Insect Resistance
20.5.1 Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS)
20.5.2 Screening Techniques for Resistance to Wheat Pests
20.5.2.1 Hessian Fly
20.5.2.2 Sunn Pest
20.5.2.3 Cereal Leaf Beetle
20.5.2.4 Wheat Stem Sawfly
20.5.2.5 Russian Wheat Aphid
20.5.2.6 Greenbug
20.5.2.7 Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid & English Grain Aphid
20.5.2.8 Orange Wheat Blossom Midge
20.5.3 Identification and Introgression of Insect Resistant Genes
20.6 Breeding for Insect Resistance
20.7 Summary
20.8 Review Questions
20.9 Key Concepts
20.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Yield Potential
21.1 Learning Objectives
21.2 Rationale for Raising Yield Potential
21.3 Current Rates of Progress in Yield Potential and Associated Traits
21.4 Opportunities for Future Gains in Yield Potential
21.4.1 Optimize Root Traits
21.4.2 Optimize Phenology
21.4.3 Increase Radiation-Use Efficiency
21.4.3.1 Case-Study 1: Genetic Variation in RUE Was Characterized in a Modern Panel of Spring Wheat. Results Indicated Significant Underutilized Photosynthetic Capacity in Existing Wheat Germplasm
21.4.4 Increase Spike Partitioning and Fruiting Efficiency
21.4.4.1 Case-Study 2: Genetic Variation in Spike Partitioning Index (SPI) and FE and Related Traits in a Modern Spring Wheat Panel Was Characterized by Rivera-Amado et al. [28]. Variation Was Highly Correlated with HI
21.4.5 Increase Potential Grain Weight
21.5 Plant Signalling Approaches to Increase Yield Potential
21.6 Trait-Based Breeding for Yield Potential
21.7 Genetic Regulation of Grain Number and Yield Potential
21.8 Key Concepts
21.9 Summary
References
Chapter 22: Heat and Climate Change Mitigation
22.1 Learning Objectives
22.2 Introduction
22.3 Factors Responsible for Yield Loss During Acute High Temperature Stress
22.4 The Role of Ethylene in Regulating High Temperature Stress Responses in Wheat
22.5 Traits that Suppress Stress Pathway Induction
22.6 Nighttime High Temperature Stress Impacts on Wheat Yield
22.7 Climate Change Mitigation via High Root Biomass
22.8 Climate Change Mitigation and Potential of High-Root Biomass Grain Crops
22.9 High Throughput Phenotyping Selection Strategies to Introgress Multiple Heat Stress Adaptive Traits
22.10 High Throughput Phenotyping Selection to Introgress Roots and Rhizomes
22.11 Ground Penetrating Radar Application in Life Sciences
22.12 Trait Introgression Versus Integrated Yield Selection Strategies for Heat Stress Tolerance
22.13 Key Concepts
22.14 Summary
References
Chapter 23: Drought
23.1 Learning Objectives
23.2 Introduction
23.3 Breeding and Selection for Yield in Water-Limited Environments
23.4 Direct Selection for Grain Yield or Trait-Based Selection to Improve Performance Under Drought?
23.5 Which Physiological Traits?
23.6 Trait Validation and Translation to Breeding Programs
23.7 A Case Study of Translational Research: Breeding Wheat Varieties with High Transpiration Efficiency Using Carbon Isotope Discrimination
23.8 The Elements of Success
23.9 Key Concepts
23.10 Summary
References
Chapter 24: Micronutrient Toxicity and Deficiency
24.1 Learning Objectives
24.2 Introduction
24.3 Deficiency
24.4 Areas of the World Most Susceptible to Nutrient Deficiencies or Toxicity
24.5 Importance of Micronutrient Content of Grain for End Users
24.6 Agronomic Approaches to Addressing Nutrient Deficiency
24.7 Genetic Approaches to Improving Nutrient Uptake
24.8 Micronutrient Toxicity
24.8.1 Boron Toxicity
24.8.2 Aluminium Toxicity
24.9 Exercises
24.9.1 Support the Diagnosis of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Wheat
24.9.2 Establish a Filter-Based System for Screening Wheat Accessions for Tolerance to Boron Toxicity
24.10 Key Concepts
24.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Pre-breeding Strategies
25.1 Learning Objectives
25.2 Introduction
25.3 Definitions
25.4 Aspects of Practical Pre-breeding
25.4.1 Access to Genetic Resources Through Gene Banks
25.4.2 Screening Genetic Resources
25.4.3 Trait and Marker Discovery in Germplasm Panels
25.4.4 Trait Value and Prioritization. Which Traits and Why?
25.4.4.1 Trait Integration
25.4.4.2 Pre-breeding for Simple Traits
25.4.4.3 Pre-breeding for Complex Traits
25.5 Proof of Concept -in-silico Approaches: Simulations
25.6 Pre-breeding Challenges
25.7 Technologies that Can Assist or Speed-Up Pre-breeding
25.8 Linking Pre-breeding with Agronomy to Exploit G × M Synergies
25.9 Key Concepts
25.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Translational Research Networks
26.1 Learning Objectives
26.2 The Research Continuum from Pure Science to Application
26.3 Identifying and Prioritizing Opportunities that Represent Current Bottlenecks to Crop Improvement
26.4 Establishing Collaborative Networks to Complement Skill Sets and Research Infrastructure
26.4.1 The International Wheat Improvement Network
26.4.2 The Heat and Drought Wheat Improvement Consortium (HeDWIC)
26.4.3 The International Wheat Yield Partnership (IWYP)
26.4.3.1 Examples of Translational Research Outputs from Collaborative Platforms: The Case of IWYP
26.5 What It Takes to Establish and Fund an International Collaborative Platform; the Example of IWYP
26.5.1 Defining the Need
26.5.2 Creating Awareness and Testing for Interest
26.5.3 Planning Governance and Operations
26.5.4 Adding Value Through Program and Project Management
26.5.5 Delivering Added Value
26.6 Higher Level Networks
26.6.1 The Wheat Initiative’s Expert Working Groups
26.6.2 Multi-crop Networks
26.7 Delivering Proofs of Concepts for Research Ideas Through Translational Research and Pre-breeding
26.8 Networking to Train the Next Generation of Crop Scientists
26.9 Key Concepts
26.10 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Rapidly Evolving Technologies & Likely Potential
Chapter 27: High Throughput Field Phenotyping
27.1 Learning Objectives
27.2 Introduction
27.3 Platforms: From Ground to the Sky
27.4 Phenotyping Is More than Just Monitoring Techniques
27.5 Data Integration: From Ideotype to Modelling and More
27.6 Affordable Phenotyping Approaches
27.7 Hyperspectral Imaging for Crop Phenotyping: Pros and Cons
27.8 Implementing Phenotyping in Practice
27.9 Key Concepts
27.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 28: Sequence-Based Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat
28.1 Learning Objectives
28.2 Introduction
28.3 Genetic Resources, Mapping Approaches and Database
28.4 Dissecting the Wheat QTLome
28.5 Selecting Traits and Loci for the MAS Pipeline
28.5.1 Loci for Phenology
28.5.2 Loci for the Root System Architecture (RSA)
28.5.3 Loci for Disease Resistance
28.6 Molecular Marker Technologies for MAS
28.7 Reference Genome Assembly
28.8 Handling Sequence Data for Developing KASP Markers
28.9 Examples of MAS
28.10 MAS for Transferring Beneficial Haplotypes from Wheat Wild Relatives
28.11 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Technologies to Enhance MAS Effectiveness
28.12 Integration Between MAS and Genomic Selection in Breeding Programs
28.13 Key Concepts
28.14 Conclusions
References
Chapter 29: Application of CRISPR-Cas-Based Genome Editing for Precision Breeding in Wheat
29.1 Learning Objectives
29.2 Introduction to the Development of Genome Editing (GE) Technologies
29.3 CRISPR-Cas-Based GE Toolbox
29.3.1 CRISPR-Cas Variants and Their Basic Applications
29.3.2 Base-Editors and Prime-Editors
29.3.3 Gene Suppressors and Activators, Epigenomic Modifiers, and Others
29.4 Recent Application of GE for Improving Major Agronomic Traits and Breeding Technologies
29.5 Genome Editing in Wheat
29.5.1 Optimization of the CRISRP-Cas System for Wheat Genome Editing
29.5.2 Selection of Target Genes for CRISPR-Cas-Based GE
29.5.3 Selection of GE Strategies
29.5.4 GE Target Selection and Plasmid Construction
29.5.5 Validation of the Selected GE Targets
29.5.6 The Delivery of CRISPR-Cas Reagents and Regeneration of Genome-Edited Wheat Lines
29.5.7 Screening Plants Carrying GE Events
29.5.8 Phenotypic Evaluation of GE Wheat Lines
29.5.9 Prospects of CRISRP-Cas Application in Wheat Improvement
29.6 Key Concepts
29.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 30: Accelerating Breeding Cycles
30.1 Learning Objectives
30.2 Introduction
30.3 Strategies to Shorten Breeding Cycles in Wheat
30.3.1 Shuttle Breeding
30.3.2 Doubled Haploid Technology
30.3.3 Speed Breeding
30.3.4 Genomic Selection
30.4 Integrating Breeding Technologies
30.5 Key Concepts
30.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 31: Improving Wheat Production and Breeding Strategies Using Crop Models
31.1 Learning Objectives
31.2 Introduction
31.3 Assisting Breeding with Crop Modeling
31.3.1 Cultivars and Traits
31.3.2 Simulating Genotype × Environment × Management (G × E × M) Interactions
31.3.3 Integrating Genotype-to-Phenotype Interactions
31.3.4 Improvements for G × E × M and Genotype-to-Phenotype Interactions in Crop Models to Assist Agronomists and Breeders
31.3.5 Identifying Target Regions for Breeding
31.4 Limitations and Improvements in Crop Model Performance
31.4.1 CO2 × Temperature Interactions
31.4.2 Frost Stress
31.4.3 O3 Stress
31.4.4 Weeds, Pests, and Diseases
31.4.5 Grain Quality
31.5 Collaborative Global Crop Modeling Networks
31.6 Case Study – Using Crop Models to Determine the Effects of Genetic Adaptations
31.7 Key Concepts
31.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 32: Theory and Practice of Phenotypic and Genomic Selection Indices
32.1 Learning Objectives
32.2 Introduction
32.3 Definitions
32.4 Key Points
32.5 Phenotypic and Genomic Selection Indices Theoretical Results
32.5.1 The Net Genetic Merit and the LPSI
32.5.2 Economic Weights for LPSI
32.5.3 The Maximized Correlation and the Maximized LPSI Selection Response
32.6 The Retrospective Index
32.7 Constrained LPSI (CLPSI)
32.7.1 The Maximized CLPSI Selection Response and Expected Genetic Gain Per Trait
32.8 The ESIM and CESIM Theory
32.8.1 The Maximized ESIM Selection Response and the Maximized
32.8.2 The Maximized CESIM Selection Response and Expected Genetic Gain Per Trait
32.9 The Unconstrained and Constrained Linear Genomic Selection Index Theory
32.9.1 The Unconstrained Linear Genomic Selection Index (LGSI)
32.9.2 The CLGSI Vector of Coefficients
32.9.3 Maximized CLGSI Selection Response and Expected Genetic Gain Per Trait
32.9.4 The Genomic Estimated Breeding Values (GEBV)
32.10 Real Wheat Data
32.11 Results
32.11.1 Phenotypic Results
32.11.2 Genomic Selection Index Results
32.12 How to Incorporate a Selection Index in Practice?
32.13 Retrospective Index
32.14 Discussion
32.14.1 The Unconstrained LSI Theory
32.14.2 The Constrained LSI
32.14.3 Statistical Properties of the LSI
32.15 Key Concepts
32.16 Conclusions
Appendix
Breeding and Trait Phenotypic Values
The Unconstrained Linear Phenotypic Selection Index (LPSI)
The Best Linear Predictor of the Mean Value of H
The Selection Response
Constrained LPSI (CLPSI)
The CLPSI Vector of Coefficients
The Eigen Selection Index Method (ESIM)
The Constrained Eigen Selection Index Method (CESIM)
References
Correction to: Insect Resistance
Correction to: Chapter 20 in: M. P. Reynolds, H.-J. Braun (eds.), Wheat Improvement, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_20
Correction to: Experimental Design for Plant Improvement
Correction to: Chapter 13 in: M. P. Reynolds, H.-J. Braun (eds.), Wheat Improvement, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_13
Index