Weathering, erosion and sediment composition in a high-gradient river, Calabria, Italy
✍ Scribed by Pera, Emilia Le; Sorriso-Valvo, Marino
- Publisher
- John Wiley and Sons
- Year
- 2000
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 281 KB
- Volume
- 25
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 0360-1269
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✦ Synopsis
Source rock lithology and immediate modifying processes, such as chemical weathering and mechanical erosion, are primary controls on fluvial sediment supply. Sand composition and Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of parent rocks, soil and fluvial sand of the Savuto River watershed, Calabria (Italy), were used to evaluate the modifications of source rocks through different sections of the basin, characterized by different geomorphic processes, in a sub-humid Mediterranean climate. The headwaters, with gentle topography, produce a coarse-grained sediment load derived from deeply weathered gneiss, having sand of quartzofeldspathic composition, compositionally very different from in situ degraded bedrock. Maximum estimated CIA values suggest that source rock has been affected significantly by weathering, and it testifies to a climatic threshold on the destruction of the bedrock.
The mid-course has steeper slopes and a deeply incised valley; bedrock consists of mica-schist and phyllite with a very thin regolith, which provides large cobble to very coarse sand sediments to the main channel. Slope instability, with an areal incidence of over 40 per cent, largely supplies detritus to the main channel. Sand-sized detritus of soil and fluvial sand is lithic. Estimated CIA value testifies to a significant weathering of the bedrock too, even if in this part of the drainage basin steeper slopes allow erosion to exceed chemical weathering.
The lower course has a braided pattern and sediment load is coarse to medium±fine grained. The river cuts across Palaeozoic crystalline rocks and Miocene siliciclastic deposits. Sand-sized detritus, contributed from these rocks and homogenized by transport processes, has been found in the quartzolithic distal samples.
Field and laboratory evidence indicates that landscape development was the result of extensive weathering during the last postglacial temperature maximum in the headwaters, and of mass-failure and fluvial erosional processes in the midand low course.