We Have Never Been Human: Agential Nature, ANT, and Marxist Political Ecology* I am indebted to Alan Rudy for his support with this manuscript. Thanks also to Jim O'Connor, Barbara Laurence, Ben Fine, Wally Goldfrank, Ben Crow, Andy Szaz, Paul Burkett, and the Jessica Roy Reading Group in Sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Many of the concepts in this paper first appeared in Brian J. Gareau, “We Have Never Been ‘Human’: Ontological and Methodological Arguments For and Against Science Studies and Its Linking to Marxist Political Economy,” paper presented in the Marxist Sociology Session, “Marxism and the Environment” (co-sponsored with the section on Environment and Technology), Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, 2004.