Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, and Analyses

✍ Scribed by Yuncong Li, Kati Migliaccio

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 335
• Edition: Har/DVD
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

As water quality becomes a leading concern for people and ecosystems worldwide, it must be properly assessed in order to protect water resources for current and future generations. Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, and Analyses supplies practical information for planning, conducting, or evaluating water quality monitoring programs. It presents the latest information and methodologies for water quality policy, regulation, monitoring, field measurement, laboratory analysis, and data analysis. The book addresses water quality issues, water quality regulatory development, monitoring and sampling techniques, best management practices, and laboratory methods related to the water quality of surface and ground waters. It also discusses basic concepts of water chemistry and hydrology related to water sampling and analysis; instrumentation; water quality data analysis; and evaluation and reporting results. Discussing an array of water quality topics, from water quality regulations and criteria, to project planning and sampling activities, this book outlines a framework for improving water quality programs. Using this framework, you can easily put the proper training and tools in place for better management of water resources.

✦ Table of Contents

Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, and Analyses......Page 2
Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, andAnalyses......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
1.1 What Is Water Quality?......Page 13
1.2 What Is Water Quality Monitoring?......Page 16
1.3 What Is the Purpose of This Book?......Page 20
References......Page 21
2.1 Introduction......Page 23
2.2.1 Rivers and Harbors Act......Page 24
2.2.3 National Environmental Policy Act......Page 25
2.2.4 Clean Water Act......Page 26
2.2.5 Other Water-Related Legislation......Page 29
References......Page 30
3.1 Introduction......Page 33
3.2 Designated Uses and Use Attainability Assessments......Page 34
3.3.1 Industrial and Agricultural Water......Page 35
3.3.3 Drinking Water Supply......Page 36
3.3.4 Aquatic Life Use......Page 38
3.4 Nutrient Criteria Developm ent......Page 39
3.4.1 Frequency Distributions and Gradientsof Nutrient Concentrations......Page 40
3.4.2 Relations between Nutrients and Biological Response Variables......Page 43
3.4.3 Weight of Evidence Approach......Page 46
References......Page 48
4.1 Introduction......Page 53
4.2 Water Quality Project Cycle......Page 54
4.4 Defining Data Quality Objectives......Page 55
4.6 Standard Operating Procedures......Page 56
4.7 Field Samp ling Quality Control......Page 58
4.8 Documentation and Recordkeeping......Page 60
4.9 Quality Systems Assessment and Auditing......Page 61
References......Page 62
5.1 Introduction......Page 63
5.3 Site Selection......Page 64
5.5 Personnel Requirements......Page 67
5.6.1 C ontinuous Discharge Measurement......Page 68
5.6.2 N oncontinuous (Instantaneous) Discharge Measurement......Page 69
5.7 Water Chemistry Sampling......Page 70
5.7.1 Sample Collection Point......Page 71
5.7.2.1 Base Flow......Page 72
5.7.3 Sampling Equipment Considerations......Page 73
5.7.3.2 Automatic Sampling......Page 74
5.8.1 Physical Habitat Assessments......Page 75
5.8.2 Biological Assessments......Page 76
5.9 S umm ary......Page 79
References......Page 80
Contents......Page 85
6.2 Specifying the Objectives for Groundwater Sampling......Page 86
6.2.2 Contaminant Evaluation......Page 87
6.3.2 Current and Historical Land Uses and Management......Page 88
6.3.5 Representativeness of Groundwater Samples......Page 90
6.4 Design and Installation of Groundwater Wells......Page 91
6.5.1.2 Submersible Pumps......Page 94
6.5.1.5 Tubing and Other Materials......Page 95
6.5.2.3 Calculating the Well Water Volume and Purging Equipment Volume......Page 98
6.5.3.1 Sample Collection with Pump......Page 99
6.5.3.2 Sample Collection with Bailers......Page 100
6.5.3.5 A dditional Considerations for Groundwater Sampling......Page 101
References......Page 102
7.1 Introduction......Page 105
7.3 Site Selection and Sample Preparation......Page 106
7.4.1 Suction Lysimeters......Page 107
7.4.2.1 Pan Lysimeter......Page 109
7.4.2.2 Bucket Lysimeter......Page 110
7.4.3 Example 1—Soil Pore Water Sampling Using Bucket Lysimeters......Page 111
7.5 Sediment Pore Water Sampling......Page 113
7.5.1.2 Modified Sipper Method......Page 114
7.5.2 Peeper......Page 116
7.5.2.2 Peeper Preparation, Deployment, and Retrieval......Page 117
7.5.3 Example 2—Sediment Pore Water Sampling Using a Modified Sipper......Page 118
7.6 Summary......Page 120
References......Page 122
8.1 Introduction......Page 125
8.1.1 Definition of Terms......Page 126
8.2.1 Manual Techniques......Page 127
8.2.2 Automated Techniques without Additional Chemical Manipulations......Page 128
8.2.3 Automated Techniques with Additional Chemical Manipulations......Page 131
8.3 Application of Field Analysis Techniques......Page 134
8.3.2 Short-Term Deployments......Page 135
8.4.1 Objectives......Page 136
8.4.4 Evaluation of System Performance......Page 137
8.4.5 Sample Introduction......Page 140
8.4.6 Temperature Control......Page 142
8.4.8 Various Design, Installation, and Operational Considerations......Page 143
8.4.9 Data Handling, Quality Control, and Presentation of Results......Page 144
References......Page 146
9.1 Introduction......Page 149
9.2.2 National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference Standards......Page 151
9.3 How to Establish an Accredited Water Quality Laboratory?......Page 153
9.3.2 Laboratory Spaces......Page 154
9.3.3.1.3 Discrete Analyzer......Page 155
9.3.3.1.4 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)......Page 158
9.3.3.1.7 Total Carbon Analyzer (TOC Analyzer)......Page 159
9.3.3.1.9 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)......Page 160
9.3.3.2 Basic Laboratory Equipment and Supplies......Page 161
9.4 How to Select an Analytical Laboratory......Page 163
Acknowledgments......Page 164
References......Page 165
Appendix 9.1 An example of the table of contents for a quality manual......Page 166
10.1 Introduction......Page 169
10.2.1 Using Standard Methods......Page 170
10.2.2 Meeting Method Performance Requirements......Page 171
10.2.3 Considering Method Comparability......Page 172
10.3 Analytical Procedures for Selected Water Quality Parameters......Page 173
10.3.1.4 Reagents......Page 176
10.3.2.2 Analytical Methods......Page 177
10.3.2.3 Apparatus......Page 178
10.3.2.4 Reagents......Page 179
10.3.2.6 Calculation......Page 180
10.3.3.4 Reagents......Page 181
10.3.3.6 Calculation......Page 182
10.3.5.1 Introduction......Page 183
10.3.5.4 Reagents......Page 184
10.3.5.5 Procedure......Page 186
10.3.6.1 Introduction......Page 187
10.3.7.1 Introduction......Page 188
10.3.7.4 Reagents......Page 189
10.3.7.5 Procedure......Page 191
10.3.8.4 Reagents (See Section 10.3.5.4 Except for the Following)......Page 192
10.3.10.1 Introduction......Page 193
10.3.10.4 Reagents......Page 194
10.3.10.5 Procedure......Page 195
10.3.11.1 Introduction......Page 196
10.3.12.4 Reagents (See Section 10.3.10.4 Except for the Following)......Page 197
10.3.14.1 Introduction......Page 198
10.3.14.5.1 Sample Preparation......Page 199
10.3.14.7 Source of the Detailed Method......Page 200
10.3.16.2 Analytical Methods......Page 201
10.3.16.5 Procedure......Page 202
10.3.17.3 Apparatus......Page 203
10.3.17.5.2 Instrument Calibration......Page 204
10.3.17.6 Calculation......Page 205
10.3.18.6 Calculation......Page 206
10.3.19.6 Source of the Detailed Method......Page 207
10.3.20.6 Source of the Detailed Method......Page 208
References......Page 209
11.1 Introduction......Page 211
11.2.1 Development of a Sampling Plan......Page 213
11.2.2.1 Surface Water......Page 215
11.2.2.2 Groundwater......Page 216
11.2.3 Time-Integrated (Passive) Sampling Techniques......Page 217
11.2.3.1 Surface Water......Page 218
11.2.3.2 Groundwater......Page 219
11.2.4 Quality Control (QC )......Page 220
11.3.1 Preparation, Extraction, and Cleanup......Page 221
11.3.1.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction......Page 225
11.3.1.2 Solid Phase Extraction......Page 226
11.3.1.3 Other Extraction Techniques......Page 230
11.4 Analytical Difficulties......Page 231
NOTICE......Page 232
References......Page 233
12.1 Introduction......Page 239
12.2 Sources of Uncertainty......Page 240
12.2.2 Sample Collection......Page 241
12.2.4 Laboratory Analysis......Page 242
12.2.6 Comparison of Uncertainty Sources......Page 243
12.3.2 Root Mean Square Err or Method......Page 244
12.3.4 Uncertainty in Measured Data......Page 245
12.4 Summary......Page 246
References......Page 248
Contents......Page 253
13.2.1 Mean......Page 254
13.2.5 Distribution......Page 255
13.2.6 Quartiles......Page 256
13.2.8 Variance and Standard Deviation......Page 257
13.2.10 Visual Dataset Evaluation......Page 258
13.3 Censored Values and Detection Limits......Page 260
13.3.1.2 Nonsubstitution Methods......Page 264
13.4 Load Estimations......Page 267
13.4.2 Period-Weighted Methods......Page 268
13.4.3 Regression Models or Rating Curve Methods......Page 269
13.4.4 Composite Method......Page 271
13.5 Trend Analyses......Page 272
13.5.1 Flow Adjustment of Water Quality Data......Page 273
13.5.2 Adjustment for Seasonal Variability in Water Quality Data......Page 276
13.5.3 Monotonic and Step Changes in Trend Analyses......Page 278
13.6 Principal Component Analysis......Page 279
References......Page 282
Contents......Page 287
14.2.1 Developing a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)......Page 288
14.2.2 Site Selection and Station Establishment......Page 289
14.2.3 Flow Proportional Sampling for Water Quality Monitoring......Page 290
14.2.4 Instrument Assembly......Page 291
14.3.2 Transportation and Site Setup......Page 292
14.4.1.2 Transportation and Departure......Page 293
14.4.1.3 Grab Sample Collection......Page 294
14.4.1.4 Composite Sample Collection......Page 295
14.4.2 Wetland Water Sampling......Page 296
14.5.3 Interface and Precautions......Page 298
14.7 Example of Documentation......Page 299
14.8 Summary......Page 300
Introduction and Scope......Page 301
Cleaning or Decontamination......Page 302
Sampling Procedures......Page 303
Wetland Sampling by Helicopter......Page 308
Documentation and Record Keeping......Page 309
Sample Custody......Page 317
Field Quality Control......Page 318
Appendix 14.2: Datalogger Program with CR-10X......Page 320
Contents......Page 325
15.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring Technology......Page 326
15.2.5 Miami-Dade Department of Environmental Resources Management (DE RM) Water Quality Monitoring Program......Page 327
15.2.8 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS ) Water Quality Monitoring......Page 328
15.3.2 Collecting Well Water Samples......Page 329
15.3.3.1 Canal Water Sampling......Page 330
15.3.3.4 Tour of Water Quality Research Vessel......Page 331
15.3.5.1 Quick Testing Kits, pH, and Electrical Conductivity Meters......Page 332
15.3.5.3 Auto-Analyzer......Page 333
15.3.5.5 Discrete Analyzer......Page 334
15.4 Program Evaluation and Participant Testimonies......Page 335