Waking the Asian Pacific Co-operative Potential: How Co-operative Firms Started, Overcame Challenges, and Addressed Poverty Across the Asia Pacific

✍ Scribed by Morris Altman, Anthony Jensen, Akira Kurimoto, Robby Tulus, Yashavantha Dongre, Seungkwon Jang

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 378
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Replete with case studies, Waking the Asian Pacific Cooperative Potential applies a novel theoretical framework to aid in understanding meaningful change in cooperative firms, mutual firms, collectives, and communes, focusing in particular on the underexamined Asia Pacific region. It explores the common, albeit competing, objectives of transformational cooperatives that deliver a range of social benefits and corporative coops where the cooperative exhibits the characteristics of a competitive investor firm. The book provides examples of successful cooperatives in eleven countries across the Asia Pacific and reviews the theoretical framework of cooperatives, including issues pertaining to socio-economic, politico-legal, and domestic and international factors.

Waking the Asian Pacific Co-operative Potential provides early-career researchers and graduate students with a systematic resource of cooperatives in the Asia Pacific, highlighting core lessons from case studies regarding the ideal role of cooperatives in a modern economy and on the enabling factors of the role of the state, the market potential for scale-up, the mitigation of poverty, and civil society.

✦ Table of Contents

WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY
Waking the Asian Pacific Co-operative Potential
Waking the Asian Pacific Co-operative Potential
Copyright
HTU
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Cooperatives in the transforming Asian Pacific region
1.2 Waking the Asian Pacific cooperative potential
1.3 Structure of this book
1.4 Creating the Asian Pacific scholarship on cooperative studies
Further reading
2 Why Asian Pacific cooperative models matter?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Asia Pacific region’s vast diversity
2.3 Emergence of Asian Pacific cooperative models
2.4 Inter-cooperation as another Asia Pacific cooperative model
2.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
3 Are there core cooperative principles required for cooperative economic success and sustainability?
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cooperative principles and values in context
3.3 Cooperative principles and values: international cooperative alliance
3.4 What is a cooperative?
3.5 Values
3.6 Democracy
3.7 Surpluses
3.8 Autonomy and independence
3.9 Education
3.10 Noncore differentiating attributes and the cooperative advantage
3.11 The cooperative advantage
3.11.1 Supply side
3.11.2 Demand side
3.12 The long and the short run
3.13 Incompatible attributes revisited
3.14 Indian cooperatives
3.15 Conclusion
References
Further reading
4 Emerging Asian Pacific cooperative models from a global history perspective
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Origin of Asia Pacific cooperatives in the late 19th and early 20th century
4.3 Evolution of Asia Pacific cooperative models after the Second World War
4.3.1 Inheriting colonial patterns of cooperatives after independence
4.3.2 Changing environment affecting Asia Pacific cooperatives
4.3.2.1 Economic change: From backward agrarian economy to growth center
4.3.2.2 Political change: from authoritarian rule to more democratic governance
4.3.2.3 Societal change: from traditional society to emerging civil society
4.3.3 Asia Pacific cooperatives responding to the impact of globalization
4.4 Changing mode of exchange: from unilateral assistance to mutual learning
4.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
5 Asian cooperatives and public policy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Colonial legacy and cooperative legislation in Asia
5.3 Failed government top-down approaches in cooperative development: three case studies
5.4 Public policy initiatives of the International Co-operative Alliance
5.5 Sustaining the momentum of public policy debates on cooperatives
5.6 Conclusion
References
Further reading
6 Cooperatives and the sustainable development goals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sustainable development
6.3 Background to the Sustainable Development Goals
6.4 Cooperatives and sustainable development
6.5 International Cooperative Alliance and the Sustainable Development Goals
6.5.1 International Day of Cooperatives
6.5.2 Coops for 2030
6.5.3 World Cooperative Monitor
6.5.4 Cooperatives and the Sustainable Development Goals
6.6 Asia Pacific cooperatives implementing the Sustainable Development Goals
6.7 Issues and challenges for cooperatives
6.7.1 Awareness
6.7.2 Targets and indicators
6.7.3 Data or lack
6.7.4 Engage with stakeholders
6.8 Conclusion
References
Further reading
7 Asian cooperatives and gender equality
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Rationale for gender equality in the cooperatives
7.3 Challenges to the advancement of gender equality in cooperatives in Asia
7.3.1 Sociocultural and legal factors
7.3.2 Economic factors
7.3.3 Organizational factors
7.4 Contribution of Asian cooperatives to gender equality
7.4.1 International Cooperative Alliance (ICA Asia Pacific)
7.4.2 Cooperative federations
7.4.3 Initiatives of cooperatives and members
7.4.3.1 Inclusive participation in membership and governance
7.4.3.2 Entrepreneurship development
7.4.3.3 Women empowerment
7.4.3.4 Access to resources and opportunities
7.4.3.5 Cultural advancement
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Cooperatives and youth in Asia
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Profile of youth population in Asia Pacific region
8.3 Challenges faced by youth
8.4 Why cooperatives are ideal platforms for youth
8.5 Why cooperatives need youth participation
8.6 Campus cooperatives: the Asian model of youth integration
8.6.1 School cooperatives in Malaysia
8.6.2 University cooperatives in Japan
8.6.3 Youth/student cooperatives in Indonesia
8.7 Role of ICA Asia Pacific
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 The theoretical model of Asian capitalism and the varieties of cooperation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Toward a theoretical model for Asia Pacific
9.2.1 Building the model
9.2.1.1 Culture
9.2.1.2 Macro factors
The role of state
Multiplexity
Role of civil institutions
Role of the market
9.2.1.3 Micro factors
Organizational/legal structure
Governance
Human relations management
9.3 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Agricultural co-ops
10 How small farmers enter the big market? A case study of agricultural cooperatives in China
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Case study
10.2.1 Brief profile of Yulin watermelon cooperative1
10.2.2 The operating mechanism of Yulin watermelon cooperative
10.2.2.1 Members’ rights and obligations
10.2.2.2 Accession conditions
10.2.2.3 Shares arrangement
10.2.2.4 System of organization
10.2.2.5 Decision-making
10.2.2.6 Profit distribution
10.2.3 Related cost and benefit analysis
10.2.3.1 Some explanations and assumptions
10.2.3.2 Description of costs and revenues of cooperative members and nonmember farmers
10.3 Further thinking
10.3.1 The reasons for the successful operation of the cooperative
10.3.1.1 Appropriate use and innovation of the principles of cooperatives
10.3.1.2 Continuous improvement of production technology and good brand image
10.3.2 The effectiveness and resistance of the expansion of the cooperative
10.3.2.1 The effectiveness of the expansion of the cooperative’s scale
10.3.2.2 Resistance encountered in scale expansion of the cooperative
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Successful agricultural cooperative model in Vietnam. A case study: Van Duc Co-operative
11.1 Overview
11.2 Macro factors affecting cooperatives in Vietnam
11.2.1 Political and legal framework
11.2.2 Socioeconomic and cultural context
11.2.3 Global climate change
11.3 Micro factors affecting cooperatives in Vietnam
11.3.1 Business model
11.3.2 Cooperative principles
11.4 Characteristics of the Van Duc Co-operative
11.4.1 History of the Van Duc Co-operative
11.4.2 Organizational structure of Van Duc Co-operative
11.5 Challenges faced by Van Duc Co-operative
11.5.1 Challenges from the internal environment
11.6 Factors contributing to success
11.6.1 Experience and awareness of farmers in agricultural production and vegetable growing
11.6.2 Governance process
11.6.2.1 Active and effective management board
11.6.2.2 Van Duc Co-operative’s operation and performance
Production strategy
Input quality control
Providing updated technical training courses
Production process management
11.6.2.3 Nature of co-op member participation
11.6.3 External support
11.6.3.1 Natural condition
11.6.3.2 Infrastructure
11.6.3.3 Supportive policy environment
11.7 Impacts
11.8 Conclusion
References
Further reading
12 Cooperatives: a panacea for rural population
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Section I
12.2.1 Cooperative legislation
12.2.2 Primary agricultural cooperative credit societies
12.2.3 Dairy cooperatives
12.2.4 Sugar cooperatives
12.3 Section II
12.3.1 Rajarambapu Patil Co-operative Sugar Factory
12.3.2 Management of RSSK
12.3.3 Rajarambapu Patil: A visionary leader
12.3.4 Contribution of Cooperative Water Supply Schemes in the Area of RSSK Ltd
12.3.5.Quality policy
12.3.6. Environment policy
12.4 Section III
12.4.1 Salient features Rajarambapu Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd
12.4.2 Social activities of the sugar factory
12.4.3 Salient features of Rajarambapu Co-operative Bank
12.4.4 Socioeconomic activities of Rajarambapu Co-operative Bank
12.4.5 Salient features of Rajarambapu Patil Sahakari Dudh Sangh Ltd
12.4.6 Salient features of Shetakari Vinakari Sahakari Soot Girni Ltd
References
Further reading
13 “Korea's multipurpose agricultural cooperatives and the developmental state: the case of the National Agricultural Coope...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The early stage of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation from 1961 to 1980
13.2.1 Birth of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation in 1961
13.2.2 Growth
13.3 Challenges to National Agricultural Co-operative Federation
13.3.1 The state: support and control
13.3.1.1 Characteristics of the state from 1960 to 1980
13.3.1.2 Control and support of the state
13.3.2 Farmers’ movements for the development of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation
13.3.3 Market liberalization
13.4 Responses for the betterment of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation
13.4.1 Democratization and expansion of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation since 1987
13.4.2 Two holding companies of National Agricultural Co-operative Federation in 2012
13.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
14 co-ops, including cross-country comparisonNepal Multipurpose Cooperative Society Limited
14.1 Brief history of cooperatives in Nepal
14.2 Nepal Multipurpose Cooperative Society Limited
14.3 Nepal Multipurpose Cooperative Society Limited: a successful cooperative
14.4 Macro factors contributing to the emergence of cooperatives
14.5 Market functioning and capitalism
14.6 Social movements and cooperatives
14.7 Internal factors leading to success
14.8 Business model and development strategy
14.9 Human resource management
14.10 Cooperative members and financial structure
14.11 Challenges and overcoming measures
14.12 Factors contributing to cooperative failure
14.13 Factors contributing to cooperative success
14.14 Impacts on members and local community
14.15 Conclusion
Further reading
15 Japan: cooperatively facilitating membership engagement—employee-led initiatives at JA Hadano
15.1 Introduction
15.1 Emergence
15.2 Governance
15.3 Case study: JA Hadano
15.4 Governance at JA Hadano
15.5 Employee-driven membership engagement initiatives
15.6 Jibasanzu
15.7 Membership education
15.8 Conclusion
References
Further reading
16 Almondco: an Australian cooperative success story
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Historical overview
16.3 A cooperative success: Almondco
16.3.1 Phase 1: favorable conditions and government support
16.3.2 Phase 2: relocation
16.3.3 Phase 3: resisting demutualization and scaling up
16.3.4 Phase 4: commercial reality versus cooperative vision
16.3.5 Phase 5: rapid development
16.4 A mature democratic business emerges
16.5 Overcoming obstacles to success
16.6 Macro factors
16.6.1 The role of the state
16.6.2 The role of economic, social, and cultural contexts
16.7 Micro factors
16.7.1 Changes in the business model
16.7.2 Organizational, governance, and cultural factors contributing to success
16.8 Degeneration or staying true to cooperative principles?
16.9 Cooperative principles
16.9.1 Education and training
16.9.2 Cooperating with other cooperatives
16.9.3 Concern for members and community
16.10 Future challenges
16.11 Lessons to be learned
16.12 Conclusion
17 Agricultural cooperatives in Asia: state, market, governance, and sustainability
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Case studies
17.3 Legal regime
17.4 Role of state
17.5 Social capital
17.6 Addressing the challenges
17.7 Conclusion
References
18 The success of the Saigon Co-op in the retail sector of Vietnam
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The socialist republic of Vietnam and its cooperatives
18.3 The foundation of Saigon Co-op
18.4 Organizational structure, management, and business outcomes of Saigon Co-op
18.5 Factors affecting the emergence of cooperatives in Vietnam
18.5.1 The state
18.5.2 Civil society
18.5.3 The market
18.6 Factors contributing to the success of Saigon Co-op
18.6.1 Operational strategy
18.6.2 Finance, skills, and technology
18.6.3 Systems
18.6.4 Human resources
18.6.5 Marketing
18.6.6 Procurement
18.6.7 Finance
18.7 Identifying and overcoming current challenges faced by Saigon Co-op
18.7.1 Salary policies
18.7.2 Technology, warehouses, and logistics
18.7.3 Competitive pressures from rivals in the market
18.7.4 Food safety
18.8 The impact of Saigon Co-op on vietnam
18.9 Conclusion
References
19 NTUC FairPrice supermarket and cooperatives in Singapore
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 History, socioeconomic background, and institutional framework of consumer co-ops
19.1.2 Principles and nature of co-ops in Singapore
19.1.3 Types of co-ops in Singapore
19.2 Key cooperatives in Singapore
19.2.1 Singapore National Co-operative Federation
19.2.2 Singapore Police Co-operative Society Ltd
19.3 Case study: NTUC FairPrice Co-Operative Ltd
19.3.1 Discussion of success factors and the overcoming of barriers
19.3.1.1 Building on strengths
19.3.1.2 Seizing market opportunities
19.3.1.3 Overcoming weaknesses in the market
19.3.1.4 Identifying emerging threats
19.3.2 Critical success factors of NTUC FairPrice
19.4 Conclusion
References
Further reading
20 Korea’s consumer cooperatives and civil society: the cases of iCOOP and Hansalim
20.1 Introduction
20.2 A brief history and the current status
20.2.1 Evolution of Korea’s consumer cooperatives
20.2.1.1 The foundation stage: 1986–1998
20.2.1.2 The growth stage: 1998–the present
20.3 Categories and structures of Korea’s consumer cooperatives
20.4 The characteristics and the roles of Korea’s consumer cooperatives
20.4.1 Civil society
20.4.2 Market
20.4.3 The state
20.4.4 Organizational structure
20.5 Conclusion
References
Webpages
Further reading
21 Consumer cooperatives’ model in Japan
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Overview of Japanese consumer cooperatives
21.3 Japanese consumer cooperative model: Its characteristics
21.4 Macro factors affecting consumer cooperatives’ development
21.4.1 Protectionist industrial policy
21.4.2 Legal impediments to consumer cooperatives
21.5 Micro factors for success
21.5.1 Role of women cooperators and university cooperatives
21.5.2 Role of consumer cooperatives’ leadership
21.6 Impact of Japanese model on members and wider society
21.7 Conclusion
References
Further reading
22 Consumer cooperatives summary
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Consumer cooperatives in the Asian context
22.3 Legal framework and state policy
22.4 Relationship with social movements
22.5 Micro factors contributing to success
22.6 Challenges facing consumer cooperatives
22.7 Conclusion
Further reading
23 Teachers Mutual Bank case study
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Credit unions and their origin in Australia
23.3 Hornsby Teachers Credit Union
23.4 NSW Teachers Credit Union
23.5 Teachers Mutual Bank
23.6 Conclusion
References
24 From resilience to unlimited opportunities: the First Community Credit Cooperative's (FICCO) experience
24.1 Growth of credit cooperatives in the philippines
24.1.1 Early years
24.1.2 Positive developments in credit cooperatives
24.2 The start of FICCO
24.2.1 Macro factors
24.2.2 Micro factors (growth strategies)
24.3 The FICCO culture
24.3.1 Total member care
24.3.2 Good governance
24.3.3 Defining values
24.3.4 Challenges faced by cooperatives
24.4 Further challenges among cooperatives in the philippines
24.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
25 Existential challenges of cooperatives and credit unions in Indonesia
25.1 Cooperatives in Indonesia: a historical view
25.2 Cooperatives in the postindependence years
25.3 The emergence and growth of credit unions in Indonesia
25.4 Keling Kumang case study
25.4.1 KKCU: a successful cooperative model
25.4.2 Overcoming existential challenges of KKCU
25.4.3 Education: a key element
Further reading
26 The SANASA movement—Sri Lanka
26.1 Historical background of SANASA
26.2 Early challenges of SANASA
26.3 SANASA’s growth and development amid continuing challenges
26.4 Growth and development of SANASA’s four pillars
26.4.1 The first pillar: banking and finance
26.4.2 The second pillar: insurance and risk management
26.4.3 The third pillar: marketing, consumer affairs, and construction
26.4.4 The fourth pillar: education and capacity building
26.5 Future sustainability of SANASA
Further readings
27 Summary: credit union case studies
28 The sociopolitical environment of worker cooperatives in the Philippines: basis for addressing the worker contractualiza...
28.1 History of worker cooperatives in the Philippines: a case of alpha co-operative4
28.1.1 Historical context
28.1.2 The main challenge: lack of understanding of the worker cooperative model
28.2 Overcoming challenges during the initial phase
28.3 Macro challenges in the growth phase: the state’s underdeveloped role and weak legal structure
28.4 Micro challenges in the growth phase: the overriding capitalist mentality among worker cooperatives
28.5 Theoretical interpretation
28.6 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Appendix A
29 Collectivism as a strategy for success in Indian worker cooperatives: case study of Koppa Transport Cooperative Society
29.1 Workers cooperatives in India
29.2 Transport cooperative society, Koppa
29.3 Challenges and strategies
29.3.1 Raising capital
29.3.2 Leadership
29.3.3 State patronage
29.3.4 Lack of innovation and diversification
29.3.5 The monopoly of initial members
29.3.6 Present position
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
30 Successful cooperatives across Asia: ULCCS—the icon of successful cooperatives in India
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Genesis of Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society
30.3 Background to the formation of Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society
30.3.1 Challenges
30.3.2 Overcoming the challenges
30.4 Macro factors as a key to emergence and success
30.5 Micro factors as a key to emergence and success
30.5.1 Legal structure
30.5.2 Governance structure
30.5.3 Cultural systems
30.6 Conclusion
Appendix
Reference
Further reading
31 Worker cooperatives as a model for family business succession? The case of C-Mac Industries Co-operative Ltd in Australia
31.1 Introduction
31.2 C-Mac Industries Co-operative Limited
31.3 Overcoming legal obstacles and agreeing on the value of the business
31.4 Methodology: participatory action research at C-Mac
31.5 Key obstacles to the emergence of the C-Mac cooperative
31.6 Overcoming the financial obstacles
31.7 Overcoming risk aversion
31.8 Overcoming access to financial skills and cooperative expertise
31.9 Success of C-Mac cooperative
31.10 Factors contributing to the success of buyouts
31.11 Conclusion
References
Further reading
32 Korea’s worker cooperative and organizational transformation: the case of Happy Bridge Co-operative
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Development of Korea’s worker cooperatives
32.3 Becoming a worker cooperative
32.3.1 The state
32.3.2 Market
32.3.3 Social movements and worker cooperative movement
32.3.4 Organization
32.3.5 Governance
32.3.6 Human resource management
32.4 Conclusion
References
33 Workers’ cooperatives as a solution to social exclusion in Japan
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Contexts of social exclusion
33.2.1 Poverty and social exclusion
33.2.2 Deteriorating employment security
33.3 Two streams of workers cooperatives
33.3.1 Japan Workers’ Co-operative Union
33.3.2 Workers’ Collective Network Japan
33.4 Considerations on the development of workers cooperatives
33.4.1 Factors facilitating and impeding success
33.4.2 Characteristics of workers cooperatives
33.4.2.1 Organizational structures
33.4.2.2 Governance
33.4.2.3 Composition of members
33.4.2.4 Human relations mobilization
33.5 Impacts and challenges
Conclusion
References
Further reading
34 Summary
34.1 Socialist system—solidarity in job creation
34.2 Post socialist system—a collective response
34.3 Emerging Southeast Asian system—individual triumph
34.4 Advanced Northeast system—civil society activists for democratizing workplaces
34.5 Liberal corporatist system—the catalyst of civil society movements
34.6 Liberal market economy system—worker buyout of a family business
34.7 Proof of concept
34.8 Scaling up
References
35 Deconstructing cooperative success in the Asia Pacific region
35.1 The state and civil society
35.2 Findings through case studies
35.3 Macro factors
35.4 Micro factors
35.5 The Asia Pacific model
Reference
Epilogue
Bali Conference 2014
Bangkok Conference 2015
Pune Conference 2015
Seoul Conference 2017
Historical praxis
First wave: visionaries to pragmatists 1844–1900
Second wave: interventionists 1900–44
Third wave: developmentalists 1944–90
Fourth wave: rationalists 1990–2007
Fifth wave: revisionists 2007 to present day
Conclusion
References
Index