VLSI Circuit Design for Biomedical Applications

✍ Scribed by Kris Iniewski

• Publisher: Artech House Publishers
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 453
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

VLSI (very large scale integration) is the process of creating integrated circuits by combining thousands of transistor based circuits into a single chip. Written by top-notch international experts in industry and academia, this groundbreaking resource presents a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of VLSI circuit design for a wide range of applications in biology and medicine.Supported with over 280 illustrations and over 160 equations, the book offers cutting-edge guidance on designing integrated circuits for wireless biosensing, body implants, biosensing interfaces, and molecular biology. Engineers discover innovative design techniques and novel materials to help them achieve higher levels circuit and system performance. This invaluable volume is essential reading for professionals and graduate students with a serious interest in circuit design and future biomedical technology.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
1.2.1 A Review of Neurotransmitters......Page 16
1.2.2 Electrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation......Page 17
1.2.3 VLSI Multichannel Potentiostat......Page 19
1.3 Neuropotential Sensing......Page 21
1.3.1 Physiological Basis of EEG/ECoG......Page 22
1.3.2 Interface Circuitry......Page 23
1.4 RF Telemetry and Power Harvesting in Implanted Devices......Page 25
1.4.1 Introduction to Inductive Coupling......Page 26
1.4.2 Telemetry System Architecture and VLSI Design......Page 28
1.4.3 Alternative Encoding and Transmission Schemes......Page 32
1.5 Multimodal Electrical and Chemical Sensing......Page 33
References......Page 36
2.1 Introduction......Page 40
2.2 System Architecture......Page 42
2.3.1 Neuromorphic Encoder......Page 44
2.3.2 External Body Unit (Primary RF Unit)......Page 47
2.3.3 RF Transformer......Page 48
2.4 Body Implantable Unit......Page 49
2.4.1 Bit Synchronizer......Page 50
2.4.2 Reverse Link......Page 51
2.5 System Prototype......Page 52
2.6 Conclusions......Page 55
References......Page 56
3.1. Introduction......Page 60
3.2 Inductive Link to Deliver Power to Implants......Page 61
3.2.1 Inductive Link Fundamentals......Page 62
3.2.2 The Power Efficiency......Page 63
3.2.3 Power Recovery and Voltage Regulation......Page 65
3.3 High Data Rate Transmission Through Inductive Links......Page 66
3.3.2 The QPSK Demodulator......Page 68
3.4 Energy and Bandwidth Issues in Multi-Channel Biopotential Recording: Case Study......Page 71
3.4.1 Micropower Low-Noise Bioamplifier......Page 72
3.4.2 Real-Time Data Reduction and Compression......Page 77
3.5 Summary......Page 85
References......Page 86
4.1 Introduction......Page 90
4.2 Stress, Strain, and Fatigue Prediction......Page 91
4.3 In Vivo Strain Measurement and Motivation for Self-Powered Sensing......Page 93
4.4.1 Piezoelectric Basics......Page 96
4.4.2 Piezoelectric Modeling......Page 98
4.4.3 Orthopaedic Applications......Page 99
4.5 Sub-Microwatt Piezo-Powered VLSI Circuits......Page 101
4.5.1 Floating-Gate Transistors......Page 102
4.5.2 Floating-Gate Injector and Its Mathematical Model......Page 105
4.5.3 CMOS Current References......Page 109
4.5.4 Floating-Gate Current References......Page 110
4.6 Design and Calibration of a Complete Floating-Gate Sensor Array......Page 111
References......Page 121
5.1 Introduction......Page 126
5.2 Spectrum Regulations for Medical Use......Page 127
5.3 Integrated Receiver Architectures......Page 128
5.4 Integrated Transmit Architectures......Page 131
5.5 Radio Architecture Selection......Page 133
5.6 System Budget Calculations......Page 135
5.7 Low-Noise Amplifiers......Page 136
5.8 Mixers......Page 138
5.9 Polyphase Filter......Page 140
5.10 Power Amplifier (PA)......Page 141
5.11 Phase Locked Loop (PLL)......Page 143
References......Page 145
6.1 Introduction......Page 148
6.2 In Vivo Human Body Channel Modeling......Page 150
6.3 Power Dissipation Model for the RF Link with Error-Correcting Codes......Page 152
6.4 Encoder Implementations and Power Savings for ECC......Page 154
6.5 Conclusions......Page 156
References......Page 157
7.1.1 The Structure of the Skin......Page 160
7.1.2 Categories of Microneedles and Probes......Page 161
7.2.1 Fabrication of Metal Microneedles......Page 163
7.2.2 Fabrication of Silicon Microneedles......Page 165
7.2.3 Fabrication of Polymer Microneedles......Page 167
7.3.1 Drug Delivery Through Microneedles......Page 171
7.3.2 Biosensing Using Microneedles......Page 173
7.4.2 Future Research Directions......Page 174
References......Page 175
8.1 Introduction to Neural Recording......Page 180
8.2 The Nature of Neural Signals......Page 181
8.3.1 Design Requirements......Page 183
8.3.2 Circuit Architecture and Design Techniques......Page 185
8.3.3 Noise vs. Layout Area......Page 189
References......Page 191
9.2 Chemical Monitoring......Page 194
9.3.1 Neurochemical Sensing Probes......Page 197
9.3.2 Neurochemical Sensing Interface Circuitry......Page 198
References......Page 203
10.1 Introduction to Neural Stimulation......Page 206
10.2 Electrode Configuration and Tissue Volume Conductor......Page 207
10.3 Electrode-Electrolyte Interface......Page 208
10.4 Efficacy of Neural Stimulation......Page 209
10.5 Stimulus Generator Architecture......Page 213
10.6 Stimulation Front-End Circuits......Page 214
References......Page 217
11.1 Introduction......Page 222
11.2 Neurophysiology and the Action Potential......Page 223
11.3 Electrodes......Page 226
11.4 The Tripolar Cuff Model and Tripolar Amplifier Configurations......Page 228
11.5.1 Clock-Based Techniques......Page 231
11.5.2 Continuous-Time Techniques......Page 234
11.6 Stimulation and Circuits......Page 237
11.6.1 Modes of Stimulation......Page 238
11.6.3 Stimulator Failure Protection Techniques......Page 239
11.6.4 Stimulator Output Stage Configurations Utilizing Blocking Capacitors......Page 242
11.6.5 Method to Reduce the Blocking Capacitor Value......Page 243
11.6.6 Stimulator Current Generator Circuits......Page 246
References......Page 251
12.1 Introduction and Application Domain......Page 256
12.2.1 Cell Level......Page 257
12.2.2 Network Level......Page 259
12.3.2 Existing Solutions......Page 260
12.4.1 Specific or Generic Mathematical Operators......Page 262
12.4.2 Monosynapses or Multisynapses......Page 263
12.4.4 CMOS or BICMOS Technology......Page 264
12.4.5 IP-Based Design......Page 265
12.5 Neuromimetic ICs: Example of a Series of ASICs......Page 267
12.5.1 A Subthreshold CMOS ASIC with Fixed Model Parameters......Page 268
12.5.2 A BICMOS ASIC with Fixed Model Parameters......Page 270
12.5.3 A BICMOS ASIC with Tunable Model Parameters......Page 272
12.5.4 A BICMOS ASIC with Tunable Model Parameters and Multisynapses......Page 274
12.6 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 277
References......Page 278
13.2.1 Electrochemistry and the Electrode Process......Page 280
13.2.2 Electrochemical Cell......Page 282
13.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors......Page 283
13.2.4 Three-Electrode Measurement System......Page 284
13.3.1 Potential Control Configurations......Page 285
13.3.2 Current Measurement Approaches......Page 287
13.4 Design Issues in Advanced CMOS Processes......Page 290
13.4.1 Generating the Input Drive Voltage......Page 292
13.5.1 Mathematical Circuit Modeling......Page 294
13.5.2 Numerical Modeling......Page 297
13.6 Conclusions......Page 298
References......Page 299
14.1 Introduction......Page 302
14.2.2 Second-Order Sigma-Delta Architecture......Page 305
14.2.3 Circuit Implementation......Page 306
14.2.4 Integrated Prototypes and Measured Results......Page 311
14.3.1 Introduction......Page 313
14.3.2 Architecture Description and Timing......Page 314
14.3.3 OTA and Comparators......Page 317
14.3.4 The Mismatch-Insensitive Multiplying-DAC......Page 318
14.3.5 Circuit Implementation and Simulation Results......Page 320
14.4 Conclusions......Page 321
References......Page 322
15.1 Introduction......Page 324
15.2.1 The Ideal-Capacitance Model......Page 326
15.2.2 The Constant Phase Element Model......Page 327
15.3.2 DNA Target Hybridization......Page 328
15.4.1 Charge-Based Capacitance Measurements......Page 329
15.4.2 Frequency to Capacitance Measurements Technique......Page 333
15.5 Biochip Application to DNA......Page 336
15.6.1 Frequency Analysis of Electrical Measurements......Page 339
15.6.2 Discussion on Biochemical Issues......Page 340
15.7 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 341
References......Page 342
16.1 From Tubes to Chips......Page 346
16.2 Nucleic Acid Extraction......Page 347
16.3 Nucleic Acid Amplification......Page 352
16.4 Nucleic Acid Detection......Page 357
16.5 Discussion......Page 363
16.6 Conclusion......Page 364
References......Page 365
17.1 Introduction......Page 370
17.2 Challenges......Page 373
17.3 Testing and Reconfiguration Strategies......Page 374
17.3.1 Testing Technique Based on Partitioning the Grid for Multiple Sources and Sinks......Page 375
17.3.2 Reconfiguration Techniques for Fault Isolation......Page 381
17.4 Scheduling and Resource Allocation for Pin-Constrained Biochips......Page 384
17.4.1 EWOD Droplet Constraints......Page 385
17.4.2 Additional Constraints Due to Cross Referencing......Page 386
17.4.3 Optimization......Page 388
17.5.1 Off-Line Testing......Page 396
17.5.2 On-Line Testing......Page 398
17.5.3 Comparisons between Off-Line and On-Line Testing and Limitations......Page 401
17.6 Future Trends......Page 403
References......Page 404
18.1 Introduction......Page 406
18.2 Selecting the Type of Magnetotactic Bacteria......Page 408
18.3 Bacterial Flagellated Nanomotors......Page 409
18.4 Thrust Force and Terminal Velocity......Page 410
18.5 Controlling the Swimming Direction of MTB Through Magnetotaxis......Page 411
18.6 Controlling the Velocity of Bacterial Carriers by Modifying Viscosity and/or Temperature......Page 417
18.7 Loading the Bacterial Carriers......Page 419
18.8 Integrating MTB-Based Carrier Detection and Tracking in CMOS Circuits......Page 421
18.9 Sensing Microelectrodes......Page 424
References......Page 429
List of Contributors......Page 432
About the Editor......Page 436
Index......Page 438