Visual C# How to Program (Deitel Series)

✍ Scribed by Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel

• Publisher: End of Line Clearance Book
• Year: 2016
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1055
• Edition: 6
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

For all basic-to-intermediate level courses in Visual C# programming. An informative, engaging, challenging and entertaining introduction to Visual C# Created by world-renowned programming instructors Paul and Harvey Deitel, Visual C# How to Program, Sixth Edition introduces students to the world of desktop, mobile and web app development with Microsoft's^(R) Visual C#^(R) programming language. Students will use .NET platform and the Visual Studio^(R) Integrated Development Environment to write, test, and debug applications and run them on a wide variety of Windows^(R) devices. At the heart of the book is the Deitel signature live-code approach--rather than using code snippets, the authors present concepts in the context of complete working programs followed by sample executions. Students begin by getting comfortable with the Visual Studio Community edition IDE and basic C# syntax. Next, they build their skills one step at a time, mastering control structures, classes, objects, methods, variables, arrays, and the core techniques of object-oriented programming. With this strong foundation in place, the authors introduce more sophisticated techniques, including searching, sorting, data structures, generics, and collections. Additional practice is provided through a broad range of example programs and exercises selected from computer science, business, education, social issues, personal utilities, sports, mathematics, puzzles, simulation, game playing, graphics, multimedia and many other areas.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Before You Begin
1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual C# 41
1.1 Introduction 42
1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research 42
1.3 Hardware and Software 45
1.3.1 Moore’s Law 45
1.3.2 Computer Organization 46
1.4 Data Hierarchy 47
1.5 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 50
1.6 Object Technology 51
1.7 Internet and World Wide Web 53
1.8 C# 55
1.8.1 Object-Oriented Programming 56
1.8.2 Event-Driven Programming 56
1.8.3 Visual Programming 56
1.8.4 Generic and Functional Programming 56
1.8.5 An International Standard 57
1.8.6 C# on Non-Windows Platforms 57
1.8.7 Internet and Web Programming 57
1.8.8 Asynchronous Programming with async and await 57
1.8.9 Other Key Programming Languages 58
1.9 Microsoft’s .NET 60
1.9.1 .NET Framework 60
1.9.2 Common Language Runtime 60
1.9.3 Platform Independence 61
1.9.4 Language Interoperability 61
1.10 Microsoft’s Windows® Operating System 61
1.11 Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment 63
1.12 Painter Test-Drive in Visual Studio Community 63
2 Introduction to Visual Studio and Visual Programming 73
2.1 Introduction 74
2.2 Overview of the Visual Studio Community 2015 IDE 74
2.2.1 Introduction to Visual Studio Community 2015 74
2.2.2 Visual Studio Themes 75
2.2.3 Links on the Start Page 75
2.2.4 Creating a New Project 76
2.2.5 New Project Dialog and Project Templates 77
2.2.6 Forms and Controls 78
2.3 Menu Bar and Toolbar 79
2.4 Navigating the Visual Studio IDE 82
2.4.1 Solution Explorer 83
2.4.2 Toolbox 84
2.4.3 Properties Window 84
2.5 Help Menu and Context-Sensitive Help 86
2.6 Visual Programming: Creating a Simple App that Displays Text and an Image 87
2.7 Wrap-Up 96
2.8 Web Resources 97
3 Introduction to C# App Programming 105
3.1 Introduction 106
3.2 Simple App: Displaying a Line of Text 106
3.2.1 Comments 107
3.2.2 using Directive 108
3.2.3 Blank Lines and Whitespace 109
3.2.4 Class Declaration 109
3.2.5 Main Method 111
3.2.6 Displaying a Line of Text 111
3.2.7 Matching Left ({) and Right (}) Braces 112
3.3 Creating a Simple App in Visual Studio 112
3.3.1 Creating the Console App 112
3.3.2 Changing the Name of the App File 114
3.3.3 Writing Code and Using IntelliSense 114
3.3.4 Compiling and Running the App 116
3.3.5 Errors, Error Messages and the Error List Window 117
3.4 Modifying Your Simple C# App 117
3.4.1 Displaying a Single Line of Text with Multiple Statements 118
3.4.2 Displaying Multiple Lines of Text with a Single Statement 118
3.5 String Interpolation 120
3.6 Another C# App: Adding Integers 121
3.6.1 Declaring the int Variable number1 122
3.6.2 Declaring Variables number2 and sum 123
3.6.3 Prompting the User for Input 123
3.6.4 Reading a Value into Variable number1 123
3.6.5 Prompting the User for Input and Reading a Value into number2 124
3.6.6 Summing number1 and number2 124
3.6.7 Displaying the sum with string Interpolation 125
3.6.8 Performing Calculations in Output Statements 125
3.7 Memory Concepts 125
3.8 Arithmetic 126
3.8.1 Arithmetic Expressions in Straight-Line Form 127
3.8.2 Parentheses for Grouping Subexpressions 127
3.8.3 Rules of Operator Precedence 127
3.8.4 Sample Algebraic and C# Expressions 128
3.8.5 Redundant Parentheses 129
3.9 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 129
3.10 Wrap-Up 134
4 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods and strings 146
4.1 Introduction 147
4.2 Test-Driving an Account Class 148
4.2.1 Instantiating an Object—Keyword new 148
4.2.2 Calling Class Account’s GetName Method 149
4.2.3 Inputting a Name from the User 149
4.2.4 Calling Class Account’s SetName Method 150
4.3 Account Class with an Instance Variable and Set and Get Methods 150
4.3.1 Account Class Declaration 150
4.3.2 Keyword class and the Class Body 151
4.3.3 Instance Variable name of Type string 151
4.3.4 SetName Method 152
4.3.5 GetName Method 154
4.3.7 Account UML Class Diagram 155
4.4 Creating, Compiling and Running a Visual C# Project with Two Classes 156
4.5 Software Engineering with Set and Get Methods 157
4.6 Account Class with a Property Rather Than Set and Get Methods 158
4.6.1 Class AccountTest Using Account’s Name Property 158
4.6.2 Account Class with an Instance Variable and a Property 160
4.6.3 Account UML Class Diagram with a Property 162
4.7 Auto-Implemented Properties 162
4.8 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors 163
4.8.1 Declaring an Account Constructor for Custom Object Initialization 163
4.8.2 Class AccountTest: Initializing Account Objects When They’re Created 164
4.9 Account Class with a Balance; Processing Monetary Amounts 166
4.9.1 Account Class with a decimal balance Instance Variable 166
4.9.2 AccountTest Class That Uses Account Objects with Balances 169
4.10 Wrap-Up 173
5 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1 182
5.1 Introduction 183
5.2 Algorithms 184
5.3 Pseudocode 184
5.4 Control Structures 185
5.4.1 Sequence Structure 185
5.4.2 Selection Statements 186
5.4.3 Iteration Statements 187
5.4.4 Summary of Control Statements 187
5.5 if Single-Selection Statement 187
5.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement 188
5.6.1 Nested if…else Statements 189
5.6.2 Dangling-else Problem 191
5.6.3 Blocks 191
5.6.4 Conditional Operator (?:) 192
5.7 Student Class: Nested if…else Statements 193
5.8 while Iteration Statement 196
5.9 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Iteration 197
5.9.1 Pseudocode Algorithm with Counter-Controlled Iteration 197
5.9.2 Implementing Counter-Controlled Iteration 198
5.9.3 Integer Division and Truncation 200
5.10 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 201
5.10.1 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: The Top and First Refinement 201
5.10.2 Second Refinement 202
5.10.3 Implementing Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 204
5.10.4 Program Logic for Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 205
5.10.5 Braces in a while Statement 206
5.10.6 Converting Between Simple Types Explicitly and Implicitly 206
5.10.7 Formatting Floating-Point Numbers 207
5.11 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 208
5.11.1 Problem Statement 208
5.11.2 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Pseudocode Representation of the Top 209
5.11.3 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: First Refinement 209
5.11.4 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Second Refinement 209
5.11.5 Complete Second Refinement of the Pseudocode 210
5.11.6 App That Implements the Pseudocode Algorithm 211
5.12 Compound Assignment Operators 213
5.13 Increment and Decrement Operators 213
5.13.1 Prefix Increment vs. Postfix Increment 214
5.13.2 Simplifying Increment Statements 215
5.13.3 Operator Precedence and Associativity 216
5.14 Simple Types 216
5.15 Wrap-Up 217
6 Control Statements: Part 2 232
6.1 Introduction 233
6.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration 233
6.3 for Iteration Statement 235
6.3.1 A Closer Look at the for Statement’s Header 236
6.3.2 General Format of a for Statement 236
6.3.3 Scope of a for Statement’s Control Variable 236
6.3.4 Expressions in a for Statement’s Header Are Optional 237
6.3.5 Placing Arithmetic Expressions in a for Statement’s Header 237
6.3.6 Using a for Statement’s Control Variable in the Statement’s Body 238
6.3.7 UML Activity Diagram for the for Statement 238
6.4 Examples Using the for Statement 238
6.5 App: Summing Even Integers 239
6.6 App: Compound-Interest Calculations 240
6.6.1 Performing the Interest Calculations with Math Method pow 241
6.6.2 Formatting with Field Widths and Alignment 242
6.6.3 Caution: Do Not Use float or double for Monetary Amounts 243
6.7 do…while Iteration Statement 244
6.8 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 245
6.8.1 Using a switch Statement to Count A, B, C, D and F Grades. 245
6.8.2 switch Statement UML Activity Diagram 249
6.8.3 Notes on the Expression in Each case of a switch 250
6.9 Class AutoPolicy Case Study: strings in switch Statements 251
6.10 break and continue Statements 253
6.10.1 break Statement 253
6.10.2 continue Statement 254
6.11 Logical Operators 255
6.11.1 Conditional AND (&&) Operator 256
6.11.2 Conditional OR (||) Operator 256
6.11.3 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions 257
6.11.4 Boolean Logical AND (&) and Boolean Logical OR (|) Operators 257
6.11.5 Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^) 258
6.11.6 Logical Negation (!) Operator 258
6.11.7 Logical Operators Example 259
6.12 Structured-Programming Summary 261
6.13 Wrap-Up 266
7 Methods: A Deeper Look 277
7.1 Introduction 278
7.2 Packaging Code in C# 279
7.2.1 Modularizing Programs 279
7.2.2 Calling Methods 280
7.3 static Methods, static Variables and Class Math 280
7.3.1 Math Class Methods 281
7.3.2 Math Class Constants PI and E 282
7.3.3 Why Is Main Declared static? 282
7.3.4 Additional Comments About Main 283
7.4 Methods with Multiple Parameters 283
7.4.1 Keyword static 285
7.4.2 Method Maximum 285
7.4.3 Assembling strings with Concatenation 285
7.4.4 Breaking Apart Large string Literals 286
7.4.5When to Declare Variables as Fields 287
7.4.6 Implementing Method Maximum by Reusing Method Math.Max 287
7.5 Notes on Using Methods 287
7.6 Argument Promotion and Casting 288
7.6.1 Promotion Rules 289
7.6.2 Sometimes Explicit Casts Are Required 289
7.7 The .NET Framework Class Library 290
7.8 Case Study: Random-Number Generation 292
7.8.1 Creating an Object of Type Random 292
7.8.2 Generating a Random Integer 292
7.8.3 Scaling the Random-Number Range 293
7.8.4 Shifting Random-Number Range 293
7.8.5 Combining Shifting and Scaling 293
7.8.6 Rolling a Six-Sided Die 293
7.8.7 Scaling and Shifting Random Numbers 296
7.8.8 Repeatability for Testing and Debugging 297
7.9 Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing Enumerations 297
7.9.1 Method RollDice 300
7.9.2 Method Main’s Local Variables 300
7.9.3 enum Type Status 301
7.9.4 The First Roll 301
7.9.5 enum Type DiceNames 301
7.9.6 Underlying Type of an enum 301
7.9.7 Comparing Integers and enum Constants 302
7.10 Scope of Declarations 302
7.11 Method-Call Stack and Activation Records 305
7.11.1 Method-Call Stack 305
7.11.2 Stack Frames 305
7.11.3 Local Variables and Stack Frames 306
7.11.4 Stack Overflow 306
7.11.5 Method-Call Stack in Action 306
7.12 Method Overloading 309
7.12.1 Declaring Overloaded Methods 309
7.12.2 Distinguishing Between Overloaded Methods 310
7.12.3 Return Types of Overloaded Methods 311
7.13 Optional Parameters 311
7.14 Named Parameters 312
7.15 C# 6 Expression-Bodied Methods and Properties 313
7.16 Recursion 314
7.16.1 Base Cases and Recursive Calls 314
7.16.2 Recursive Factorial Calculations 314
7.16.3 Implementing Factorial Recursively 315
7.17 Value Types vs. Reference Types 317
7.18 Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference 318
7.18.1 ref and out Parameters 319
7.18.2 Demonstrating ref, out and Value Parameters 320
7.19 Wrap-Up 322
8 Arrays; Introduction to Exception Handling 339
8.1 Introduction 340
8.2 Arrays 341
8.3 Declaring and Creating Arrays 342
8.4 Examples Using Arrays 343
8.4.1 Creating and Initializing an Array 343
8.4.2 Using an Array Initializer 344
8.4.3 Calculating a Value to Store in Each Array Element 345
8.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 347
8.4.5 Iterating Through Arrays with foreach 347
8.4.6 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically; Introducing Type Inference with var 349
8.4.7 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters 352
8.5 Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results; Intro to Exception Handling 353
8.5.1 Summarizing the Results 354
8.5.2 Exception Handling: Processing the Incorrect Response 355
8.5.3 The try Statement 355
8.5.4 Executing the catch Block 355
8.5.5 Message Property of the Exception Parameter 356
8.6 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 356
8.6.1 Class Card and Getter-Only Auto-Implemented Properties 356
8.6.2 Class DeckOfCards 357
8.6.3 Shuffling and Dealing Cards 360
8.7 Passing Arrays and Array Elements to Methods 361
8.8 Case Study: GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades 363
8.9 Multidimensional Arrays 369
8.9.1 Rectangular Arrays 369
8.9.2 Jagged Arrays 370
8.9.3 Two-Dimensional Array Example: Displaying Element Values 371
8.10 Case Study: GradeBook Using a Rectangular Array 374
8.11 Variable-Length Argument Lists 380
8.12 Using Command-Line Arguments 382
8.13 (Optional) Passing Arrays by Value and by Reference 384
8.14 Wrap-Up 388
9 Introduction to LINQ and the List Collection 410
9.1 Introduction 411
9.2 Querying an Array of int Values Using LINQ 412
9.2.1 The from Clause 414
9.2.2 The where Clause 415
9.2.3 The select Clause 415
9.2.4 Iterating Through the Results of the LINQ Query 415
9.2.5 The orderby Clause 415
9.2.6 Interface IEnumerable 416
9.3 Querying an Array of Employee Objects Using LINQ 416
9.3.1 Accessing the Properties of a LINQ Query’s Range Variable 420
9.3.2 Sorting a LINQ Query’s Results by Multiple Properties 420
9.3.3 Any, First and Count Extension Methods 420
9.3.4 Selecting a Property of an Object 420
9.3.5 Creating New Types in the select Clause of a LINQ Query 420
9.4 Introduction to Collections 421
9.4.1 List Collection 421
9.4.2 Dynamically Resizing a List Collection 422
9.5 Querying the Generic List Collection Using LINQ 426
9.5.1 The let Clause 428
9.5.2 Deferred Execution 428
9.5.3 Extension Methods ToArray and ToList 428
9.5.4 Collection Initializers 428
9.6 Wrap-Up 429
9.7 Deitel LINQ Resource Center 429
10 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look 434
10.1 Introduction 435
10.2 Time Class Case Study; Throwing Exceptions 435
10.2.1 Time1 Class Declaration 436
10.2.2 Using Class Time1 437
10.3 Controlling Access to Members 439
10.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference 440
10.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors 442
10.5.1 Class Time2 with Overloaded Constructors 442
10.5.2 Using Class Time2’s Overloaded Constructors 446
10.6 Default and Parameterless Constructors 448
10.7 Composition 449
10.7.1 Class Date 449
10.7.2 Class Employee 451
10.7.3 Class EmployeeTest 452
10.8 Garbage Collection and Destructors 453
10.9 static Class Members 453
10.10 readonly Instance Variables 457
10.11 Class View and Object Browser 458
10.11.1 Using the Class View Window 458
10.11.2 Using the Object Browser 459
10.12 Object Initializers 460
10.13 Operator Overloading; Introducing struct 460
10.13.1 Creating Value Types with struct 461
10.13.2 Value Type ComplexNumber 461
10.13.3 Class ComplexTest 463
10.14 Time Class Case Study: Extension Methods 464
10.15 Wrap-Up 467
11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 475
11.1 Introduction 476
11.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 477
11.3 protected Members 479
11.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 480
11.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 481
11.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class without Using Inheritance 485
11.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 490
11.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables 493
11.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables 496
11.5 Constructors in Derived Classes 500
11.6 Software Engineering with Inheritance 500
11.7 Class object 501
11.8 Wrap-Up 502
12 OOP: Polymorphism and Interfaces 508
12.1 Introduction 509
12.2 Polymorphism Examples 511
12.3 Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior 512
12.4 Abstract Classes and Methods 515
12.5 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 517
12.5.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 518
12.5.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 520
12.5.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee 522
12.5.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 523
12.5.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 525
12.5.6 Polymorphic Processing, Operator is and Downcasting 526
12.5.7 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Variables 531
12.6 sealed Methods and Classes 532
12.7 Case Study: Creating and Using Interfaces 533
12.7.1 Developing an IPayable Hierarchy 534
12.7.2 Declaring Interface IPayable 536
12.7.3 Creating Class Invoice 536
12.7.4 Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface IPayable 538
12.7.5 Using Interface IPayable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically 539
12.7.6 Common Interfaces of the .NET Framework Class Library 541
12.8 Wrap-Up 542
13 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 547
13.1 Introduction 548
13.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling 549
13.2.1 Dividing By Zero 550
13.2.2 Enter a Non-Numeric Denominator 551
13.2.3 Unhandled Exceptions Terminate the App 552
13.3 Example: Handling DivideByZeroExceptions and FormatExceptions 552
13.3.1 Enclosing Code in a try Block 554
13.3.2 Catching Exceptions 554
13.3.3 Uncaught Exceptions 555
13.3.4 Termination Model of Exception Handling 556
13.3.5 Flow of Control When Exceptions Occur 556
13.4 .NET Exception Hierarchy 557
13.4.1 Class SystemException 557
13.4.2 Which Exceptions Might a Method Throw? 558
13.5 finally Block 559
13.5.1 Moving Resource-Release Code to a finally Block 559
13.5.2 Demonstrating the finally Block 560
13.5.3 Throwing Exceptions Using the throw Statement 564
13.5.4 Rethrowing Exceptions 564
13.5.5 Returning After a finally Block 565
13.6 The using Statement 566
13.7 Exception Properties 567
13.7.1 Property InnerException 567
13.7.2 Other Exception Properties 568
13.7.3 Demonstrating Exception Properties and Stack Unwinding 568
13.7.4 Throwing an Exception with an InnerException 570
13.7.5 Displaying Information About the Exception 571
13.8 User-Defined Exception Classes 571
13.9 Checking for null References; Introducing C# 6’s?. Operator 575
13.9.1 Null-Conditional Operator (?.) 575
13.9.2 Revisiting Operators is and as 576
13.9.3 Nullable Types 576
13.9.4 Null Coalescing Operator (??) 577
13.10 Exception Filters and the C# 6 when Clause 577
13.11 Wrap-Up 578
14 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 1 584
14.1 Introduction 585
14.2 Windows Forms 586
14.3 Event Handling 588
14.3.1 A Simple Event-Driven GUI 589
14.3.2 Auto-Generated GUI Code 591
14.3.3 Delegates and the Event-Handling Mechanism 593
14.3.4 Another Way to Create Event Handlers 594
14.3.5 Locating Event Information 595
14.4 Control Properties and Layout 596
14.4.1 Anchoring and Docking 597
14.4.2 Using Visual Studio To Edit a GUI’s Layout 599
14.5 Labels, TextBoxes and Buttons 600
14.6 GroupBoxes and Panels 603
14.7 CheckBoxes and RadioButtons 606
14.7.1 CheckBoxes 606
14.7.2 Combining Font Styles with Bitwise Operators 608
14.7.3 RadioButtons 609
14.8 PictureBoxes 614
14.9 ToolTips 617
14.10 NumericUpDown Control 618
14.11 Mouse-Event Handling 621
14.12 Keyboard-Event Handling 623
14.13 Wrap-Up 627
15 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 2 637
15.1 Introduction 638
15.2 Menus 638
15.3 MonthCalendar Control 648
15.4 DateTimePicker Control 649
15.5 LinkLabel Control 652
15.6 ListBox Control 655
15.7 CheckedListBox Control 660
15.8 ComboBox Control 663
15.9 TreeView Control 667
15.10 ListView Control 673
15.11 TabControl Control 679
15.12 Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Windows 683
15.13 Visual Inheritance 691
15.14 User-Defined Controls 696
15.15 Wrap-Up 699
16 Strings and Characters: A Deeper Look 707
16.1 Introduction 708
16.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings 709
16.3 string Constructors 710
16.4 string Indexer, Length Property and CopyTo Method 711
16.5 Comparing strings 712
16.6 Locating Characters and Substrings in strings 716
16.7 Extracting Substrings from strings 719
16.8 Concatenating strings 720
16.9 Miscellaneous string Methods 720
16.10 Class StringBuilder 722
16.11 Length and Capacity Properties, EnsureCapacity Method and Indexer of Class StringBuilder 723
16.12 Append and AppendFormat Methods of Class StringBuilder 725
16.13 Insert, Remove and Replace Methods of Class StringBuilder 727
16.14 Char Methods 730
16.15 Introduction to Regular Expressions (Online) 732
16.16 Wrap-Up 732
17 Files and Streams 739
17.1 Introduction 740
17.2 Files and Streams 740
17.3 Creating a Sequential-Access Text File 741
17.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File 750
17.5 Case Study: Credit-Inquiry Program 754
17.6 Serialization 759
17.7 Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization 760
17.8 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Binary File 764
17.9 Classes File and Directory 767
17.9.1 Demonstrating Classes File and Directory 768
17.9.2 Searching Directories with LINQ 771
17.10 Wrap-Up 775
18 Searching and Sorting 782
18.1 Introduction 783
18.2 Searching Algorithms 784
18.2.1 Linear Search 784
18.2.2 Binary Search 788
18.3 Sorting Algorithms 792
18.3.1 Selection Sort 793
18.3.2 Insertion Sort 796
18.3.3 Merge Sort 800
18.4 Summary of the Efficiency of Searching and Sorting Algorithms 806
18.5 Wrap-Up 807
19 Custom Linked Data Structures 812
19.1 Introduction 813
19.2 Simple-Type structs, Boxing and Unboxing 813
19.3 Self-Referential Classes 814
19.4 Linked Lists 815
19.5 Stacks 828
19.6 Queues 832
19.7 Trees 835
19.7.1 Binary Search Tree of Integer Values 836
19.7.2 Binary Search Tree of IComparable Objects 843
19.8 Wrap-Up 849
20 Generics 855
20.1 Introduction 856
20.2 Motivation for Generic Methods 857
20.3 Generic-Method Implementation 859
20.4 Type Constraints 862
20.4.1 IComparable Interface 862
20.4.2 Specifying Type Constraints 862
20.5 Overloading Generic Methods 865
20.6 Generic Classes 865
20.7 Wrap-Up 875
21 Generic Collections; Functional Programming with LINQ/PLINQ 881
21.1 Introduction 882
21.2 Collections Overview 884
21.3 Class Array and Enumerators 886
21.3.1 C# 6 using static Directive 888
21.3.2 Class UsingArray’s static Fields 889
21.3.3 Array Method Sort 889
21.3.4 Array Method Copy 889
21.3.5 Array Method BinarySearch 889
21.3.6 Array Method GetEnumerator and Interface IEnumerator 889
21.3.7 Iterating Over a Collection with foreach 890
21.3.8 Array Methods Clear, IndexOf, LastIndexOf and Reverse 890
21.4 Dictionary Collections 890
21.4.1 Dictionary Fundamentals 891
21.4.2 Using the SortedDictionary Collection 892
21.5 Generic LinkedList Collection 896
21.6 C# 6 Null Conditional Operator ?[] 900
21.7 C# 6 Dictionary Initializers and Collection Initializers 901
21.8 Delegates 901
21.8.1 Declaring a Delegate Type 903
21.8.2 Declaring a Delegate Variable 903
21.8.3 Delegate Parameters 904
21.8.4 Passing a Method Name Directly to a Delegate Parameter 904
21.9 Lambda Expressions 904
21.9.1 Expression Lambdas 906
21.9.2 Assigning Lambdas to Delegate Variables 907
21.9.3 Explicitly Typed Lambda Parameters 907
21.9.4 Statement Lambdas 907
21.10 Introduction to Functional Programming 907
21.11 Functional Programming with LINQ Method-Call Syntax and Lambdas 909
21.11.1 LINQ Extension Methods Min, Max, Sum and Average 912
21.11.2 Aggregate Extension Method for Reduction Operations 912
21.11.3 The Where Extension Method for Filtering Operations 914
21.11.4 Select Extension Method for Mapping Operations 915
21.12 PLINQ: Improving LINQ to Objects Performance with Multicore 915
21.13 (Optional) Covariance and Contravariance for Generic Types 919
21.14 Wrap-Up 921
22 Databases and LINQ 933
22.1 Introduction 934
22.2 Relational Databases 935
22.3 A Books Database 936
22.4 LINQ to Entities and the ADO.NET Entity Framework 940
22.5 Querying a Database with LINQ 941
22.5.1 Creating the ADO.NET Entity Data Model Class Library 943
22.5.2 Creating a Windows Forms Project and Configuring It to Use the Entity Data Model 947
22.5.3 Data Bindings Between Controls and the Entity Data Model 949
22.6 Dynamically Binding Query Results 955
22.6.1 Creating the Display Query Results GUI 956
22.6.2 Coding the Display Query Results App 957
22.7 Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables with LINQ 959
22.8 Creating a Master/Detail View App 965
22.8.1 Creating the Master/Detail GUI 965
22.8.2 Coding the Master/Detail App 967
22.9 Address Book Case Study 968
22.9.1 Creating the Address Book App’s GUI 970
22.9.2 Coding the Address Book App 971
22.10 Tools and Web Resources 975
22.11 Wrap-Up 975
23 Asynchronous Programming with async and await 982
23.1 Introduction 983
23.2 Basics of async and await 985
23.2.1 async Modifier 985
23.2.2 await Expression 985
23.2.3 async, await and Threads 985
23.3 Executing an Asynchronous Task from a GUI App 986
23.3.1 Performing a Task Asynchronously 986
23.3.2 Method calculateButton_Click 988
23.3.3 Task Method Run: Executing Asynchronously in a SeparateThread 989
23.3.4 awaiting the Result 989
23.3.5 Calculating the Next Fibonacci Value Synchronously 989
23.4 Sequential Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks 990
23.5 Asynchronous Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks 992
23.5.1 awaiting Multiple Tasks with Task Method WhenAll 995
23.5.2 Method StartFibonacci 996
23.5.3 Modifying a GUI from a Separate Thread 996
23.5.4 awaiting One of Several Tasks with Task Method WhenAny 996
23.6 Invoking a Flickr Web Service Asynchronously with HttpClient 997
23.6.1 Using Class HttpClient to Invoke a Web Service 1001
23.6.2 Invoking the Flickr Web Service’s flickr.photos.search Method 1001
23.6.3 Processing the XML Response 1002
23.6.4 Binding the Photo Titles to the ListBox 1003
23.6.5 Asynchronously Downloading an Image’s Bytes 1004
23.7 Displaying an Asynchronous Task’s Progress 1004
23.8 Wrap-Up 1008
Chapters on the Web
A Operator Precedence Chart 1016
B Simple Types 1018
C ASCII Character Set 1020
Appendices on the Web 1021
Index 1023
Symbols
Numerics
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z