โ Scribed by Robert J. Christensen; William R. Lindberg; Samuel M. Dorrence
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
The viscous behaviour of an extracted tar sand bitumen has been experimentally examined and the results summarized in this Paper. The material studied was from the Asphalt Ridge, Utah area. The viscosity of the bitumen has been determined as a function of temperature (293-422 K), toluene (solvent) content (O-l 0%), composition (O-l 4.6% asphaltenes), oxidation and shear history. In all cases studied, the Arrhenius plots were significantly non-linear at temperatures >373 K, with viscous behaviour becoming less sensitive to toluene content with increasing temperature. Low temperature behaviour was strongly dependent on toluene content. The presence of asphaltenes in the bitumen was shown to be a strong viscosity enhancer. Oxidation and shear history were also shown to measurably increase the bitumen viscosity.
๐ SIMILAR VOLUMES
tlierefore IJC conipletely . tlefined by tlic ineiin size uud stnntliird tlevintion aliicli ilefine t.lie iiorninl tlistribut,ion. These qunntities lire indepentlent of tlie sizes of sieve used to clcterniine the ginding s n c I niny be rcndily cletluectl from tlic siFw miilysis Iiy grapliienl inctl
Cold Lake tar sand samples have been treated in the laboratory in neutral water and caustic brine at 250 k 3ยฐC for up to 75 days to simulate the environment during the steam-displacement process used to recover heavy oil (bitumen) from subterranean reservoirs. Observed chemical changes in the isolat
Simple chemical reactions are described which bring about modification of the components of a bitumen. This i!: accomplished by using an oxygen-containing gas and subsequent treatment with alkali solutions of sulphites and/or bisulphites. The resulting water-soluble sulphonated bituminous derivative